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ethics
/ˈeθɪks/
noun
the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles
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epistemology
/ɛˌpɪstəˈmɑɫəˌdʒi/
noun
the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied
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humanism
/ˈhjuməˌnɪzəm/
noun
a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
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metaphysics
/ˌmɛtəˈfɪzɪks/
noun
a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality
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ontology
/ɑnˈtɑɫədʒi/
noun
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
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determinism
/dɪˈtɝməˌnɪzəm/
noun
the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds
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hedonism
/ˈhidəˌnɪzəm/
noun
a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure
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idealism
/aɪˈdiɫɪzəm/
noun
(philosophy) the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
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empiricism
/ɛmˈpɪɹəˌsɪzəm/
noun
a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience
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existentialism
/ɛɡzɪstˈɛnʃɪəlˌɪzəm/
noun
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
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materialism
/məˈtɪɹiəˌɫɪzəm/
noun
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
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nihilism
/ˈnaɪəˌɫɪzəm/
noun
a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.
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positivism
/ˈpɑzətɪˌvɪzəm/
noun
a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism
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pragmatism
/ˈpɹæɡməˌtɪzəm/
noun
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
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rationalism
/ɹˈæʃənəlˌɪzəm/
noun
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
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scholasticism
/skəlˈæstɪsˌɪzəm/
noun
a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities
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skepticism
/ˈskɛptɪˌsɪzəm/
noun
the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable
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stoicism
/ˈstoʊəˌsɪzəm/
noun
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
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subjectivism
/sˈʌbdʒɪktˌɪvɪzəm/
noun
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
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utilitarianism
/jˌuːɾɪlɪtˈɛɹiənˌɪzəm/
noun
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
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phenomenology
/fəˈnɑməˌnɑɫɑˌɡi/
noun
the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence
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alienation
/ˌeɪɫiəˈneɪʃən/
noun
‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group
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a priori
/ɐ pɹaɪˈɔːɹi/
adjective
using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something
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a posteriori
/ɐ pɑːstˈiəɹɪˈɔːɹi/
adjective
using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something
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being
/ˈbiɪŋ/
noun
existence; the state of existing
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nothingness
/ˈnəθɪŋnəs/
noun
non-existence; a state in which nothing exists
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consciousness
/ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/
noun
the state of being sensible and aware
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dogma
/ˈdɑɡmə/
noun
a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance
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logic
/ˈɫɑdʒɪk/
noun
sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment
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virtue
/ˈvɝtʃu/
noun
attitudes or manners exhibiting high moral standards
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esthetics
/ɛsˈθɛtɪks/
noun
the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art
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wisdom
/ˈwɪzdəm/
noun
the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments
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sophist
/sˈɑːfɪst/
noun
a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude
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