Social Sciences

bureaucracy

noun

/bjʊ.rɑk.rə.si/ or /byoo.raak.rē.si/

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an organizational structure characterized by strict procedures, rules, and regulations designed to manage complex tasks or activities efficiently

agency

noun

/eɪ.ʤən.si/ or /ei.jēn.si/

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the capacity or power of an individual or entity to take action, make decisions, and influence or control their environment or circumstances

clan

noun

/klæn/ or /klān/

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a large group of people who are related to each other

chiefdom

noun

/ʧif.dəm/ or /chif.dēm/

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a form of sociopolitical organization in which a centralized authority governs a community or a collection of communities

collective

noun

/kə.lɛk.tɪv/ or /kē.lek.tiv/

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a cooperative or united group of individuals, entities, or elements working together for a common purpose or interest

to census

Verb

/sɛn.səs/ or /sen.sēs/

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to systematically collect and record demographic data about a population

status quo

noun

/stˈæɾəs kwˈoʊ/

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the situation or condition that is currently at hand

industrialization

noun

/ɪn.dəst.riə.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /in.dēst.riē.li.zei.shēn/

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the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

militant

Adjective

/mɪ.lə.tənt/ or /mi.lē.tēnt/

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displaying violent acts for the sake of a social or political aim

nonconformity

noun

/ˌnɑnkənˈfɔɹməti/

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the behavior or attitude that does not follow established norms, conventions, or expectations within a society or group

progressive

Adjective

/prəg.rɛ.sɪv/ or /prēg.re.siv/

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supporting and encouraging positive change and advancement

socialization

noun

/soʊ.ʃə.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /sooo.shē.li.zei.shēn/

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the process through which individuals within a society or group learn and internalize behavior patterns, norms, values, and customs through interactions, education, and social experiences

civilization

noun

/sɪ.və.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /si.vē.li.zei.shēn/

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a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

civil right

noun

/sˈɪvəl ɹˈaɪt/

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any of the basic freedoms or rights that protect individuals from unfair treatment and ensure equality under the law, regardless of race, gender, religion, disability, or other characteristics

socioeconomic

Adjective

/soʊ.sioʊɛk.nɑ.mɪk/ or /sooo.sioooek.naa.mik/

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referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

urbanization

noun

/ɜr.bə.nə.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /ēr.bē.nē.zei.shēn/

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the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

aristocracy

noun

/ɛ.rəs.tɑk.rə.si/ or /e.rēs.taak.rē.si/

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people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

royalty

noun

/rɔɪəl.ti/ or /rawiēl.ti/

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kings and queens and any member of their families

infrastructure

noun

/ɪnf.rə.strək.ʧɜr/ or /inf.rē.strēk.chēr/

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the basic physical structures and systems that support and enable the functioning of a society or organization, such as roads and bridges

utopian

Adjective

/ju.toʊ.piən/ or /yoo.tooo.piēn/

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referring to a vision of an ideal society, where everything is flawless or nearly perfect

civil disobedience

noun

/sˈɪvəl dˌɪsoʊbˈiːdiəns/

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the deliberate and nonviolent refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government or authority, typically as a form of protest

outcast

noun

/aʊt.kæst/ or /aoot.kāst/

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a person who has been rejected or excluded from a social group or society, often due to their behavior, beliefs, or social status

refugee

noun

/rɛ.fju.ʤi/ or /re.fyoo.ji/

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a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

indigenous

Adjective

/ɪn.dɪ.ʤə.nəs/ or /in.di.jē.nēs/

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relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

humble

Adjective

/həm.bəl/ or /hēm.bēl/

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having a low social rank or position, often characterized by modesty

to assimilate

Verb

/ə.sɪ.mə.leɪt/ or /ē.si.mē.leit/

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to integrate into a new environment, often by adopting its language, norms, values, and practices

commune

noun

/kɑ.mjun/ or /kaa.myoon/

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a local administrative unit in certain countries, functioning as the smallest division of government

parish

noun

/pæ.rɪʃ/ or /pā.rish/

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an area with a church of its own that is under the care of a priest

cosmopolitan

Adjective

/kɑz.mə.pɑ.lə.tən/ or /kaaz.mē.paa.lē.tēn/

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including a wide range of people with different nationalities and cultures

humanitarian

Adjective

/hju.mæ.nə.tɛ.riən/ or /hyoo.mā.nē.te.riēn/

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involved in or related to helping people who are in need to improve their living conditions

classist

Adjective

/klæ.sɪst/ or /klā.sist/

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marked by discrimination against or prejudice toward individuals or groups based on their social class

caste

noun

/kæst/ or /kāst/

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a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

echelon

noun

/ɛ.ʃə.lɑn/ or /e.shē.laan/

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a level or rank in an organization, profession, or society, indicating a person's status or authority within that hierarchy

station

noun

/steɪ.ʃən/ or /stei.shēn/

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a person's social rank or position within a structured hierarchy or society