Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is a genetic disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness and wasting over time. BMD is caused by changes in the gene that provides instructions for making a protein called dystrophin, which is essential for maintaining muscle strength and structure. Symptoms of BMD typically begin in childhood or as a teenager and may include difficulty walking, muscle cramps, and weakness in the legs and pelvis. Over time, the weakness may progress to other muscles in the body, including the arms and respiratory muscles. Treatment for BMD focuses on managing symptoms and may include physical therapy, assistive devices such as braces or wheelchairs, and medications to address specific symptoms. While there is currently no cure for BMD, ongoing research may lead to new treatments and interventions in the future.

What is "becker muscular dystrophy"?

becker muscular dystrophy

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder that affects muscles, causing them to weaken and break down over time. It is caused by a problem with a gene that makes a protein called dystrophin, which is needed for muscles strength and function. DMD mostly affects boys and usually starts to show symptoms in early childhood. Symptoms of DMD usually start with difficulty walking, trouble getting up from a lying or sitting position, and muscle pain or stiffness. As the condition progresses, muscle weakness spreads to other parts of the body, affecting the arms, legs, and eventually the heart and respiratory muscles. Treatment for DMD focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include physical therapy, assistive devices such as braces or wheelchairs, medications to address specific symptoms, and cardiac and respiratory support as needed. While there is currently no cure for DMD, ongoing research may lead to new treatments in the future.

What is "duchenne's muscular dystrophy"?

duchenne's muscular dystrophy

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Distal muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the muscles of the arms and legs. It causes progressive muscle weakness and wasting, typically starting in adulthood. This condition can make it difficult to perform tasks that require precise movement, such as gripping objects or walking. Distal muscular dystrophy typically progresses slowly over time and may vary in intensity between individuals. It is caused by changes in genes that are involved in muscle function. Treatment for distal muscular dystrophy focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include physical therapy, assistive devices such as braces, and medications to address specific symptoms. While there is currently no cure for distal muscular dystrophy, ongoing research may lead to new treatments in the future.

What is "distal muscular dystrophy"?

distal muscular dystrophy

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Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a genetic disorder that affects the muscles of the face, shoulders, and upper arms. It is characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of these muscles, leading to difficulty with tasks such as lifting the arms, smiling, or closing the eyes tightly. FSHD usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood and can vary widely in intensity between individuals. It is caused by changes in genes that are involved in muscle function. Treatment for FSHD focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include physical therapy to strengthen muscles and maintain flexibility, assistive devices such as braces or supports, and medications to address specific symptoms such as pain or fatigue. While there is currently no cure for FSHD, ongoing research may lead to new treatments in the future.

What is "facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy"?

facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

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Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the muscles around the hips and shoulders. It is characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of these muscles, leading to difficulties with walking, climbing stairs, and raising the arms. LGMD can vary widely in how it starts and how intense it is, with symptoms typically appearing in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. It is caused by changes in genes that are involved in muscle function. Treatment for LGMD focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include physical therapy to strengthen muscles and maintain flexibility, assistive devices such as braces or supports, and medications to address specific symptoms such as pain or fatigue. While there is currently no cure for LGMD, ongoing research may lead to new treatments in the future.

What is "limb-girdle muscular dystrophy"?

limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

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Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a genetic disorder that affects the muscles of the eyes and throat. It is characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of these muscles, leading to difficulties with swallowing, speaking, and controlling eye movements. OPMD typically starts in adulthood, usually between the ages of 40 and 60, and can vary widely in intensity between individuals. It is caused by changes in genes that are involved in muscle function. Treatment for OPMD focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include speech therapy to improve swallowing and communication, dietary changes to make swallowing easier, and assistive devices such as special utensils or feeding tubes if swallowing becomes very difficult. While there is currently no cure for OPMD, ongoing research may lead to new treatments in the future.

What is "oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy"?

oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

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Myopathy is a medical term used to describe diseases or disorders that affect the muscles. It can lead to muscle weakness, stiffness, or wasting, and it can be caused by various factors such as genetic changes, autoimmune diseases, infections, medications, or metabolic disorders. Symptoms of myopathy may include muscle pain, fatigue, weakness, and difficulty with movement or coordination. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, or other actions aimed at managing symptoms and improving muscle function.

What is "myopathy"?

myopathy

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Rhabdomyolysis is a serious medical condition where damaged muscle tissue breaks down rapidly, releasing its contents into the bloodstream. This can happen due to injury, extreme physical exertion, certain medications or drugs, infections, or genetic muscle disorders. Symptoms may include muscle pain, weakness, dark urine, and in severe cases, confusion or even coma. Treatment for rhabdomyolysis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as stopping medications that may be contributing to muscle breakdown, providing fluids through an IV to flush out toxins, and monitoring kidney function. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for close monitoring and supportive care. Early recognition and treatment of rhabdomyolysis are essential to prevent serious complications.

What is "rhabdomyolysis"?

rhabdomyolysis

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Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the muscles and causes weakness and fatigue. In this condition, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the areas on muscle cells that receive signals from nerve cells. This disrupts the communication between nerves and muscles, leading to weakness, especially in muscles that control eye movements, facial expressions, swallowing, and limb movements. Symptoms may include drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty chewing or swallowing, weakness in the arms or legs, and fatigue that worsens with activity. Treatment for myasthenia gravis typically involves medications to suppress the immune system's attack on muscle areas, as well as medications to improve nerve-muscle communication. In some cases, surgery to remove the thymus gland, which plays a role in the immune system, may be recommended.

What is "myasthenia gravis"?

myasthenia gravis

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Cardiomyopathy is a condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened, stretched, or thickened, affecting its ability to pump blood efficiently. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen, and irregular heartbeat. Cardiomyopathy can be caused by various factors, including genetic factors, high blood pressure, heart valve problems, viral infections, or excessive alcohol consumption. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and addressing the underlying cause. This may include medications to improve heart function, lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, and in some cases, surgery to correct heart abnormalities.

What is "cardiomyopathy"?

cardiomyopathy

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive condition that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. This condition leads to the loss of muscle control, causing muscle weakness, twitching, and eventually being unable to move. As ALS progresses, individuals may have difficulty speaking, swallowing, and breathing. While the exact cause of ALS is not fully understood, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for ALS, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms, providing supportive care, and improving quality of life. This may include medications to manage symptoms such as muscle cramps and stiffness, as well as therapies such as physical therapy, speech therapy, and respiratory support.

What is "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"?

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by the loss of muscle mass and strength, especially as a person ages. This can lead to weakness, reduced movement, and an increased risk of falls and fractures. Sarcopenia can be caused by various factors, including aging, inactivity, poor nutrition, and certain medical conditions. Treatment and prevention of sarcopenia typically involve regular physical activity, especially strength training exercises, along with a balanced diet rich in protein and nutrients to support muscle health.

What is "sarcopenia"?

sarcopenia

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Polymyositis is a rare inflammatory disease that affects skeletal muscles, which are the muscles that control conscious movements, causing muscle weakness, pain, and fatigue. This condition can make it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as climbing stairs, lifting objects, or getting up from a chair. Polymyositis can also cause difficulty swallowing and breathing in intense cases. While the exact cause of polymyositis is not fully understood, it is believed to involve an abnormal immune system response that attacks healthy muscle tissue. Treatment for polymyositis typically involves medications to weaken the immune system's response. Physical therapy may also be recommended to help maintain muscle strength and function.

What is "polymyositis"?

polymyositis

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Dermatomyositis is a rare inflammatory condition that affects both the skin and muscles. It causes muscle weakness, pain, and fatigue, along with skin rashes and inflammation. These symptoms can make it challenging to perform daily activities like walking, climbing stairs, or lifting objects. The exact cause of dermatomyositis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune system response. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and weaken the immune system's response. Physical therapy may also be recommended to help maintain muscle strength and function.

What is "dermatomyositis"?

dermatomyositis

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Ataxia is a condition that affects coordination and balance, making movements unsteady and shaky. It can result from damage to the brain, spinal cord, or nerves that control movement. Ataxia can cause difficulties with walking, speaking, and doing precise movements like writing or buttoning clothes. It may also lead to tremors and muscle stiffness. Treatment for ataxia depends on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy to improve balance and coordination, medications to manage symptoms such as tremors or muscle stiffness, and lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of falls and injuries.

What is "ataxia"?

ataxia

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Arthritis is a condition that causes inflammation and stiffness in the joints, leading to pain and reduced movement. There are several types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout, each with its own causes and symptoms. Common symptoms of arthritis include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and decreased range of motion. Treatment for arthritis typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and manage pain, as well as lifestyle changes such as exercise, weight management, and joint protection techniques. In some cases, physical therapy or joint injections may be recommended to improve joint function.

What is "arthritis"?

arthritis

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Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs when there is a buildup of uric acid in the bloodstream, leading to the formation of crystals in the joints. Uric acid is a waste product formed from the breakdown of natural substances found in many foods called purines. These crystals cause sudden and intense pain, swelling, and tenderness, typically in the big toe, although other joints can also be affected. Gout attacks often occur suddenly and can be triggered by factors such as diet, alcohol consumption, obesity, or certain medications. Treatment for gout usually involves medications to relieve pain and reduce inflammation, as well as lifestyle changes such as dietary changes and weight loss to help prevent future attacks.

What is "gout"?

gout

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Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis that occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time. This can result in pain, stiffness, and swelling in the affected joints, making movement difficult. Osteoarthritis commonly affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine, as well as the hands. Risk factors for osteoarthritis include aging, joint injury, obesity, and genetics. Treatment typically involves medications to manage pain and inflammation, as well as lifestyle changes such as exercise, weight management, and joint protection techniques. In severe cases, joint replacement surgery may be necessary to relieve pain and improve joint function.

What is "osteoarthritis"?

osteoarthritis

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Bursitis is a condition that happens when the small sacs filled with fluid called bursae, which cushion and protect the joints, get swollen. This swelling can lead to pain and stiffness, particularly around the affected joint. Bursitis often affects areas such as the shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees, where repetitive movements or pressure can irritate the bursae. Risk factors for bursitis include overuse or repetitive motion, injury, and certain medical conditions such as arthritis or diabetes. Treatment typically involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In some cases, medications such as pain relievers may be recommended to manage pain and swelling. In severe cases, injections with anti-inflammatory medicine or, rarely, surgical drainage of the bursa may be necessary to relieve symptoms.

What is "bursitis"?

bursitis

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Scoliosis is a condition where the spine curves sideways, forming an "S" or "C" shape. This curve can cause the shoulders, hips, or waist to appear uneven, and it may lead to back pain or stiffness. Scoliosis can develop during childhood or adolescence, often during periods of rapid growth, but it can also occur in adulthood due to factors like aging or injury. Treatment for scoliosis depends on the intensity of the curve and may include observation, physical therapy, bracing, or in severe cases, surgery to correct the spine's positioning. Early detection and appropriate management can help prevent progression and manage symptoms effectively.

What is "scoliosis"?

scoliosis

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Paget's disease, also known as osteitis deformans, is a condition that causes bones to become enlarged and weakened. This can lead to symptoms such as bone pain, deformities, and fractures. Paget's disease commonly affects the pelvis, spine, skull, and long bones of the legs. While the exact cause is unknown, it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment for Paget's disease aims to relieve symptoms and prevent complications such as fractures and deformities. This may involve medications to control bone growth and strengthen bones, as well as pain management strategies and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to support weakened bones or correct deformities.

What is "Paget's disease"?

Paget's disease

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Rickets is a bone disorder that occurs in children due to a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. It leads to soft and weak bones, causing symptoms like bone pain, skeletal deformities, and delayed growth. Rickets can be caused by factors such as not getting enough sunlight, poor diet, or certain medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption. Treatment typically involves taking vitamin D supplements, calcium, and phosphate supplements, along with changes in diet to make sure these nutrients are enough.

What is "rickets"?

rickets

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Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is a painful condition that happens when the tissues in the elbow are overused, leading to inflammation and discomfort. Despite its name, tennis elbow can affect anyone, not just tennis players. It usually causes pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow and may spread down the forearm. Activities that involve repeating gripping or wrist movements, such as using tools or playing sports like tennis or golf, can contribute to the development of tennis elbow. Treatment usually involves rest, ice therapy, over-the-counter pain relievers, and exercises to strengthen and stretch the muscles and tissues in the forearm. In some cases, a brace or splint may be suggested to support the elbow and reduce strain on the tissues.

What is "tennis elbow"?

tennis elbow

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Myotonic dystrophy is a genetic disorder that affects the muscles and other systems in the body. It causes muscle weakness and stiffness, along with a variety of other symptoms such as muscle wasting, cloudy eye lenses, heart problems, and thinking difficulties. Myotonic dystrophy can vary widely in intensity and when it starts, with some people having symptoms from birth and others developing them later in life. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and may include physical therapy, medications to address specific symptoms, and regular monitoring for potential problems. Since it is a genetic condition, there is currently no cure, but research into potential treatments is ongoing.

What is "myotonic dystrophy"?

myotonic dystrophy

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Cumulative trauma disorder, also known as repetitive strain injury, is a condition that develops over time due to repeated motions or activities that strain the body. It often affects muscles, tendons, and nerves, causing symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. Common examples include carpal tunnel syndrome and tennis elbow. Treatment typically involves rest, changing activities to reduce strain, physical therapy, and sometimes medication to manage pain and inflammation. Simple measures such as adjusting how one works and taking regular breaks during repetitive tasks can help reduce the risk of developing cumulative trauma disorder.

What is "cumulative trauma disorder"?

cumulative trauma disorder

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Here you will learn some English words related to musculoskeletal diseases and problems such as "myopathy", "scoliosis", and "arthritis".