to lobby
/ˈɫɑbi/
verbto make an attempt to persuade politicians to agree or disagree with a law being made or changed
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Examples
1. - Inside two North Korean dictators father and son dominate the lobby.
2. People were lobbying forever.
3. We lobby tech companies.
4. Hire companies are lobbying for a change in the law.
5. This lobby is insane.
to reform
/ɹəˈfɔɹm/, /ɹɪˈfɔɹm/
verbto make a society, law, system, or organization better or more effective by making many changes to it
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Examples
1. Reform took two major strands: living conditions and ideologies.
2. Tribes can reform their constitutions.
3. reforming potentially our electoral systems.
4. We need reform.
5. My wife Anne, great public servant-- legal aid, lawyer, juvenile court judge, First Lady of Virginia, reformed the state's foster care system, Secretary of Education, now on our State Board of Education.
diplomatic
/ˌdɪpɫəˈmætɪk/
adjectiverelated to the work of keeping or creating friendly relationships between countries
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Examples
1. Most diplomatic situations call for a carrot or stick approach.
2. One of the women broke the diplomatic code.
3. To this day, about 40 countries have diplomatic relations with the SADR.
4. The defeat influenced the diplomatic situation.
5. You're diplomatic.
sovereign
/ˈsɑvɹən/
adjective(of a country or state) self-governed and free from external control
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Examples
1. His will is sovereign.
2. And the sovereign has the power of fiat.
3. The sovereign has sovereign power.
4. The sovereign has sovereign power.
5. The people are sovereign.
radical
/ˈɹædəkəɫ/, /ˈɹædɪkəɫ/
adjectivesupporting total and extreme social or political changes
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Examples
1. Radicals felt cruelly deserted.
2. His methods were radical.
3. Reconstruction was utterly radical.
4. My friend David Gutman does radical kinetics.
5. But dire circumstances require radical solutions.
activism
/ˈæktɪˌvɪzəm/
nounthe action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives
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Examples
1. Our first topic is: Environmental Activism.
2. My imagery is my activism.
3. Political activism was pretty individual.
4. Do some activism.
5. So, level million vegan is enjoying vegan activism.
activist
/ˈæktəvəst/, /ˈæktɪvɪst/
nouna person who tries to bring about political or social change, especially someone who supports strong actions such as protests, etc.
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Examples
1. Activists talk about economic justice.
2. Their friends become activist.
3. I took out activist.
4. Environmental activists are always attacking tropical fruit farmers.
5. In 2018, activists deployed the most capital ever.
ambassador
/æmˈbæsədɝ/
nouna senior official whose job is living in a foreign country and representing their own country
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Examples
1. Ambassadors are representatives.
2. Both of them make excellent ambassadors.
3. These guys, the ambassadors there largely are following instructions.
4. So, they again sent ambassadors to the pope.
5. The ambassador are the two brick ones.
dictator
/ˈdɪkteɪtɝ/, /dɪkˈteɪtɝ/
nouna ruler that has total power over a state, particularly a ruler who gained power through force
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Examples
1. And as a result of that, the shah of Iran came in, terrible dictator.
2. Saluting a dictator?
3. One of them closely resembled the dictator, especially because of the typical moustache.
4. Dictators do this.
5. Identify the dictator.
policy maker
/pˈɑːlɪsi mˈeɪkɚ/
nounsomeone who makes decisions about the policies that a government or organization follows
Examples
propaganda
/ˌpɹɑpəˈɡændə/
nouninformation and statements that are mostly biased and false and are used to promote a political cause or leader
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Examples
1. So this site just spreads propaganda in exchange for money.
2. They put out propaganda.
3. Dictatorships use propaganda.
4. And the propaganda blanketed schools and hospitals, offices and shops, factories, town halls, billing places, public squares, city walls, bulletin boards at schools and universities.
5. Mao’s propaganda would tell a different story, however.
autonomy
/əˈtɑnəmi/, /ɔˈtɑnəmi/
noun(of a country, region, etc.) the state of being independent and free from external control
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Examples
1. Take autonomy for your own health.
2. Blacks wanted autonomy.
3. They have autonomy.
4. He has autonomy.
5. The second ingredient is autonomy.
constitution
/ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən/
nounthe official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed
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Examples
1. - Defending our constitution.
2. Tribes can reform their constitutions.
3. The constitution allowed Catalonia’s self governance.
4. The constitution prohibits double punishment for the same crime.
5. The constitution is only 16 pages long.
legislation
/ˌɫɛdʒəˈsɫeɪʃən/
nounthe act or process of making laws or passing a statute
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Examples
1. State legislation is farther along.
2. Gotten legislation passed.
3. Now, that set of policy proposals became legislation.
4. More legislation would increase tensions between the North and the South.
5. Does the legislation have some connection to ALEC?
mandate
/ˈmænˌdeɪt/
nounthe legality and power given to a government or other organization after winning an election
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Examples
1. As of 2016, at least a dozen major Chinese cities have mandated even-odd policies.
2. You can look at this map to see what standards for financial literacy your state currently mandates.
3. It also mandates a move to electronic record-keeping.
4. - I mandated a Venus four-blade women's safety razor.
5. None of this testing-- very little testing in the United States is mandated.
bureaucracy
/bjʊˈɹɑkɹəsi/
nouna system of government that is controlled by officials who are not elected rather employed
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Examples
1. Aztec bureaucracy included tax collection, judiciary system, and censuses.
2. Bureaucracy achieves its power via knowledge.
3. And finally, bureaucracy developed.
4. Bureaucracy is domination through knowledge.
5. This reduces bureaucracy, authority and corruption.
cabinet
/ˈkæbənət/, /ˈkæbnət/
nounsenior members of a government who make decisions and control the policy of the government
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Examples
1. Slamming cabinets over and over again.
2. The cabinets have pullout drawers for optimum storage.
3. Treat cabinet again, huh?
4. The cabinet comes right down.
5. Each cabinet serves a specific purpose in the kitchen.
commerce
/ˈkɑmɝs/
nounthe act of buying and selling goods and services, particularly between countries
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Examples
1. Twenty nineteens pro-democracy protests effectively shut down commerce.
2. Commerce matters.
3. The second pillar is commerce.
4. And commerce would get the supply chain.
5. Now, commerce is ancient.
free trade
/fɹˈiː tɹˈeɪd/
nouna system of international trading in which there are no restrictions or taxes on goods bought or sold
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Examples
1. This is the so-called doctrine of Free Trade, which rests on grounds different from, though equally solid with, the principle of individual liberty asserted in this Essay.
poll
/ˈpoʊɫ/
nouna process in which random people are asked the same questions to find out what the general public thinks about a given subject
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Examples
1. The polls didn't do so poorly, not nearly as poorly as 2016 and 2020.
2. So polls are worthless?
3. Polls close in five hours.
4. I poll people.
5. Here's our poll.
alliance
/əˈɫaɪəns/
nounan association between countries, organizations, political parties, etc. in order to achieve common interests
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Examples
1. The alliance would include business partnerships, joint ventures, and investments.
2. Do demogorgons make strategic alliances?
3. Alliances are force multipliers for us.
4. They form alliances.
5. Across the world, these alliances gave the US strength.
ally
/ˈæɫaɪ/, /əˈɫaɪ/
nouna country that aids another country, particularly if a war breaks out
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Examples
1. - Ally, that is 100% true. -
2. Was Allies on to something?
3. Allies matter.
4. Ally, just email me that stuff.
5. You forged allies.
coalition
/ˌkoʊəˈɫɪʃən/
nounan alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections
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Examples
1. Coalition warplanes attacked a Houthi checkpoint a few miles north of Abs.
2. So, coalitions are really important.
3. Multiparty systems put together the coalition after the election.
4. The coalition sent letters.
5. Well, the coalition won four years.
coup
/ˈku/
nounan unexpected, illegal, and often violent attempt to change a government
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Examples
1. He suspected a coup.
2. Thereby setting off a coup.
3. No card or action could stop a coup.
4. To cast a coup! -
5. The coup was then defeated.
exile
/ˈɛɡˌzaɪɫ/, /ˈɛkˌsaɪɫ/
nounthe situation of someone who is sent to live in another country or city by force, particularly as a penalty or for political reasons
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Examples
1. The exile had begun.
2. 'Exiled'.
3. Exiles Declare the Word of the Lord.
4. Eldridge Cleaver leaves for exile.
5. The Irish form of piety emphasizes exile.
wing
/ˈwɪŋ/
nounmembers of a political party or other organization who have a certain function or share certain views
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Examples
1. Raptors had wings.
2. In truth, raptors, like birds today, had wings.
3. But this bird has wings.
4. -Fairies have wings.
5. Get wings.
treaty
/ˈtɹiti/
nounan official agreement between two or more governments or states
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Examples
1. Therefore, they needed treaties.
2. According to the US Department of State’s website, the treaty had a very colonial purpose in mind.
3. This treaty threatened your subjugate.
4. The case involves issues of personal jurisdiction in the context of Indian law, the treaties.
5. On July 7, 2017, 122 countries adopted the treaty.
capitalism
/ˈkæpɪtəˌɫɪzəm/
nounan economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government
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Examples
1. The Nordic countries also practice capitalism.
2. For instance, in capitalist societies, deviant labels are often applied to those who interfere with the way capitalism functions.
3. Capitalism induced shame.
4. Capitalism paid for Communism.
5. Capitalism already took care of it. -
communism
/ˈkɑmjəˌnɪzəm/
nouna political system in which the government controls all industry, every citizen is equally treated, and private ownership does not exist
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Examples
1. So communism really changed the rules of the game.
2. The one line-- "we need communism."
3. - Communism assumes infallibility in everyone.
4. Capitalism paid for Communism.
5. Soviet communism collapsed.
extremism
/ˌɛkˈstɹɛmɪzəm/, /ˌɛkˈstɹiˌmɪzəm/
nounreligious or political actions, beliefs, or ideas that most people find them extreme, unreasonable, and abnormal
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Examples
1. Political extremism is another factor.
2. Extremism is not tolerated in any branch of the United States military.
3. Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. NARRATOR:
4. Extremism in defence of Brexit is no vice.
5. Extremism became tolerance.
fascism
/ˈfæˌʃɪzəm/
nounan extreme right-wing political attitude or system characterized by a strong central government, aggressively promoting one's country or race above others, as well as prohibiting any opposition
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Examples
1. This is fascism.
2. It’s fascism!
3. That's not fascism.
4. That's fascism.
5. That's not fascism.
federalism
/ˈfɛdɝəˌɫɪzəm/, /ˈfɛdɹəˌɫɪzəm/
nouna political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state
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Examples
1. Federalism is something that pervades-- that is throughout these concerns of personal jurisdiction.
2. Federalism also doesn't exist at the state level.
3. So in federalism, the pattern has been something like this.
4. By structural limits, I mean federalism and separation of powers.
5. Federalism is another source of veto points in what can actually happen.
globalism
/ɡlˈoʊbəlˌɪzəm/
nouna belief in which the actions of one country affect all other countries in the world and that economic policy is built on benefiting the whole world not an individual country
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Examples
1. This is what globalism is.
2. On the other hand, we have globalism.
3. For nationalists, globalism is rapidly deconstructing what our ancestors took decades to build.
4. We reject the ideology of globalism, and we embrace the doctrine of patriotism.
5. In Mr Trump's terms, it's pulling back from globalism.
liberalism
/ˈɫɪˌbɝəˌɫɪzəm/
nounthe political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade
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Examples
1. Liberalism has several core ideas.
2. What is liberalism translated into political terms?
3. Breadwinner liberalism defined US political culture for nearly half a century.
4. Some people subscribe to John Stuart Mill's liberalism.
5. And we have to reject liberalism.
socialism
/ˈsoʊʃəˌɫɪzəm/
nouna political and economic principle in which main industries are controlled by the government and that wealth is equally divided among citizens
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Examples
1. Their socialism entailed philanthropy.
2. For the first time in his life, the boy encountered socialism.
3. Now, socialism is a very capacious term as well.
4. Socialism also has politics and economics.
5. What is socialism?
administrative
/ədˈmɪnəˌstɹeɪtɪv/
adjectiverelated to the directing of an organization or business
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Examples
1. Basically, Hamilton's plan reduced the states to administrative subdivisions.
2. People in the United States occupied administrative buildings.
3. You taught administrative law.
4. I hate administrative work.
5. So, an inaccurate theory produced sound administrative procedures.
congressional
/kənˈɡɹɛʃənəɫ/
adjectiverelating to a congress, especially that of the US
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Examples
1. He sees no congressional restraints.
2. This thing had congressional funding at first.
3. Congressional oversight was pretty poor in 2017, 2018.
4. Each congressional representative would represent 30,000 or 40,000 people.
5. It sparked congressional inquiries.
constitutional
/ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəɫ/
adjectiverelating to or operating under the official laws and principles called the constitution, by which a country or state is governed
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Examples
1. That's constitutional.
2. Justice Kennedy taught constitutional law.
3. They have constitutional rights.
4. Constitutional rights include the freedom of speech, the freedom of religion, due process of law and equal protection under the law.
5. The fifth crisis is constitutional.
electoral
/ɪˈɫɛktɝəɫ/
adjectiveconnected with elections or electors
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Examples
1. The electoral college has spoken.
2. People want electoral reform.
3. reforming potentially our electoral systems.
4. The electoral college is the main holdout from all of that.
5. The states have already certified their electoral votes.
interim
/ˈɪnɝəm/, /ˈɪntɝəm/, /ˈɪntɹəm/
adjectivelasting only temporary before something permanent is presented
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Examples
1. Narrator: Guaidó, the president of the National Assembly, claimed the title of interim leader in January 2019.
2. We have an interim explanation.
3. Where he lays out this interim plan.
4. So the interim report on the President's Commission focused on medical education and opioid supply reduction.
5. It reports interim results this week.
protocol
/ˈpɹoʊtəˌkɑɫ/, /ˈpɹoʊtəˌkɔɫ/
nouna set of rules and appropriate behavior that officials use on formal occasions
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Examples
1. But these protocols make sense.
2. So the Vietnamese government has revised their protocols now.
3. Here's the protocol.
4. The protocol deals with the special position of Northern Ireland after Brexit.
5. I know protocol.
to table
/ˈteɪbəɫ/
verbto formally bring up a proposal, discussion, etc. at a meeting for consideration
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Examples
1. She quickly puts a golden apple on the table.
2. Jake sees a camera on the table.
3. Table is over here.
4. Table is real.
5. Folding table.
entourage
/ˌɑntɝˈɑʒ/, /ˌɑntʊˈɹɑʒ/
nouna group of people who work for and accompany a person of power or fame
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Examples
1. Your little entourage was about.
2. My mother has an entourage right now.
3. DIANA: We even brought an entourage the second time.
4. He has an immense entourage.
5. Yeah, you ever watch Entourage?
appeasement
/əˈpizmənt/
nouna policy of giving in to the demands of others in order to maintain peace, often at the cost of one's own principles or values
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Examples
1. One of them is Munich, appeasement.
2. This is appeasement behavior.
3. It's appeasement.
4. But it's appeasement.
5. That is appeasement.