to lobby
/ˈɫɑbi/
verb
to make an attempt to persuade politicians to agree or disagree with a law being made or changed
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Examples

1- Inside two North Korean dictators father and son dominate the lobby.
2People were lobbying forever.
3We lobby tech companies.
4Hire companies are lobbying for a change in the law.
5This lobby is insane.
to reform
/ɹəˈfɔɹm/, /ɹɪˈfɔɹm/
verb
to make a society, law, system, or organization better or more effective by making many changes to it
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Examples

1Reform took two major strands: living conditions and ideologies.
2Tribes can reform their constitutions.
3reforming potentially our electoral systems.
4We need reform.
5My wife Anne, great public servant-- legal aid, lawyer, juvenile court judge, First Lady of Virginia, reformed the state's foster care system, Secretary of Education, now on our State Board of Education.
diplomatic
/ˌdɪpɫəˈmætɪk/
adjective
related to the work of keeping or creating friendly relationships between countries
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Examples

1Most diplomatic situations call for a carrot or stick approach.
2One of the women broke the diplomatic code.
3To this day, about 40 countries have diplomatic relations with the SADR.
4The defeat influenced the diplomatic situation.
5You're diplomatic.
sovereign
/ˈsɑvɹən/
adjective
(of a country or state) self-governed and free from external control
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Examples

1His will is sovereign.
2And the sovereign has the power of fiat.
3The sovereign has sovereign power.
4The sovereign has sovereign power.
5The people are sovereign.
radical
/ˈɹædəkəɫ/, /ˈɹædɪkəɫ/
adjective
supporting total and extreme social or political changes
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Examples

1Radicals felt cruelly deserted.
2His methods were radical.
3Reconstruction was utterly radical.
4My friend David Gutman does radical kinetics.
5But dire circumstances require radical solutions.
activism
/ˈæktɪˌvɪzəm/
noun
the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives
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Examples

1Our first topic is: Environmental Activism.
2My imagery is my activism.
3Political activism was pretty individual.
4Do some activism.
5So, level million vegan is enjoying vegan activism.
activist
/ˈæktəvəst/, /ˈæktɪvɪst/
noun
a person who tries to bring about political or social change, especially someone who supports strong actions such as protests, etc.
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Examples

1Activists talk about economic justice.
2Their friends become activist.
3I took out activist.
4Environmental activists are always attacking tropical fruit farmers.
5In 2018, activists deployed the most capital ever.
ambassador
/æmˈbæsədɝ/
noun
a senior official whose job is living in a foreign country and representing their own country
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Examples

1Ambassadors are representatives.
2Both of them make excellent ambassadors.
3These guys, the ambassadors there largely are following instructions.
4So, they again sent ambassadors to the pope.
5The ambassador are the two brick ones.
dictator
/ˈdɪkteɪtɝ/, /dɪkˈteɪtɝ/
noun
a ruler that has total power over a state, particularly a ruler who gained power through force
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Examples

1And as a result of that, the shah of Iran came in, terrible dictator.
2Saluting a dictator?
3One of them closely resembled the dictator, especially because of the typical moustache.
4Dictators do this.
5Identify the dictator.
policy maker
/pˈɑːlɪsi mˈeɪkɚ/
noun
someone who makes decisions about the policies that a government or organization follows

Examples

propaganda
/ˌpɹɑpəˈɡændə/
noun
information and statements that are mostly biased and false and are used to promote a political cause or leader
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Examples

1So this site just spreads propaganda in exchange for money.
2They put out propaganda.
3Dictatorships use propaganda.
4And the propaganda blanketed schools and hospitals, offices and shops, factories, town halls, billing places, public squares, city walls, bulletin boards at schools and universities.
5Mao’s propaganda would tell a different story, however.
autonomy
/əˈtɑnəmi/, /ɔˈtɑnəmi/
noun
(of a country, region, etc.) the state of being independent and free from external control
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Examples

1Take autonomy for your own health.
2Blacks wanted autonomy.
3They have autonomy.
4He has autonomy.
5The second ingredient is autonomy.
constitution
/ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃən/
noun
the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed
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Examples

1- Defending our constitution.
2Tribes can reform their constitutions.
3The constitution allowed Catalonia’s self governance.
4The constitution prohibits double punishment for the same crime.
5The constitution is only 16 pages long.
legislation
/ˌɫɛdʒəˈsɫeɪʃən/
noun
the act or process of making laws or passing a statute
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Examples

1State legislation is farther along.
2Gotten legislation passed.
3Now, that set of policy proposals became legislation.
4More legislation would increase tensions between the North and the South.
5Does the legislation have some connection to ALEC?
mandate
/ˈmænˌdeɪt/
noun
the legality and power given to a government or other organization after winning an election
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Examples

1As of 2016, at least a dozen major Chinese cities have mandated even-odd policies.
2You can look at this map to see what standards for financial literacy your state currently mandates.
3It also mandates a move to electronic record-keeping.
4- I mandated a Venus four-blade women's safety razor.
5None of this testing-- very little testing in the United States is mandated.
bureaucracy
/bjʊˈɹɑkɹəsi/
noun
a system of government that is controlled by officials who are not elected rather employed
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Examples

1Aztec bureaucracy included tax collection, judiciary system, and censuses.
2Bureaucracy achieves its power via knowledge.
3And finally, bureaucracy developed.
4Bureaucracy is domination through knowledge.
5This reduces bureaucracy, authority and corruption.
cabinet
/ˈkæbənət/, /ˈkæbnət/
noun
senior members of a government who make decisions and control the policy of the government
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Examples

1Slamming cabinets over and over again.
2The cabinets have pullout drawers for optimum storage.
3Treat cabinet again, huh?
4The cabinet comes right down.
5Each cabinet serves a specific purpose in the kitchen.
commerce
/ˈkɑmɝs/
noun
the act of buying and selling goods and services, particularly between countries
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Examples

1Twenty nineteens pro-democracy protests effectively shut down commerce.
2Commerce matters.
3The second pillar is commerce.
4And commerce would get the supply chain.
5Now, commerce is ancient.
free trade
/fɹˈiː tɹˈeɪd/
noun
a system of international trading in which there are no restrictions or taxes on goods bought or sold
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Examples

1This is the so-called doctrine of Free Trade, which rests on grounds different from, though equally solid with, the principle of individual liberty asserted in this Essay.
poll
/ˈpoʊɫ/
noun
a process in which random people are asked the same questions to find out what the general public thinks about a given subject
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Examples

1The polls didn't do so poorly, not nearly as poorly as 2016 and 2020.
2So polls are worthless?
3Polls close in five hours.
4I poll people.
5Here's our poll.
alliance
/əˈɫaɪəns/
noun
an association between countries, organizations, political parties, etc. in order to achieve common interests
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Examples

1The alliance would include business partnerships, joint ventures, and investments.
2Do demogorgons make strategic alliances?
3Alliances are force multipliers for us.
4They form alliances.
5Across the world, these alliances gave the US strength.
ally
/ˈæɫaɪ/, /əˈɫaɪ/
noun
a country that aids another country, particularly if a war breaks out
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Examples

1- Ally, that is 100% true. -
2Was Allies on to something?
3Allies matter.
4Ally, just email me that stuff.
5You forged allies.
coalition
/ˌkoʊəˈɫɪʃən/
noun
an alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections
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Examples

1Coalition warplanes attacked a Houthi checkpoint a few miles north of Abs.
2So, coalitions are really important.
3Multiparty systems put together the coalition after the election.
4The coalition sent letters.
5Well, the coalition won four years.
coup
/ˈku/
noun
an unexpected, illegal, and often violent attempt to change a government
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Examples

1He suspected a coup.
2Thereby setting off a coup.
3No card or action could stop a coup.
4To cast a coup! -
5The coup was then defeated.
exile
/ˈɛɡˌzaɪɫ/, /ˈɛkˌsaɪɫ/
noun
the situation of someone who is sent to live in another country or city by force, particularly as a penalty or for political reasons
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Examples

1The exile had begun.
2'Exiled'.
3Exiles Declare the Word of the Lord.
4Eldridge Cleaver leaves for exile.
5The Irish form of piety emphasizes exile.
wing
/ˈwɪŋ/
noun
members of a political party or other organization who have a certain function or share certain views
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Examples

1Raptors had wings.
2In truth, raptors, like birds today, had wings.
3But this bird has wings.
4-Fairies have wings.
5Get wings.
treaty
/ˈtɹiti/
noun
an official agreement between two or more governments or states
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Examples

1Therefore, they needed treaties.
2According to the US Department of State’s website, the treaty had a very colonial purpose in mind.
3This treaty threatened your subjugate.
4The case involves issues of personal jurisdiction in the context of Indian law, the treaties.
5On July 7, 2017, 122 countries adopted the treaty.
capitalism
/ˈkæpɪtəˌɫɪzəm/
noun
an economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government
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Examples

1The Nordic countries also practice capitalism.
2For instance, in capitalist societies, deviant labels are often applied to those who interfere with the way capitalism functions.
3Capitalism induced shame.
4Capitalism paid for Communism.
5Capitalism already took care of it. -
communism
/ˈkɑmjəˌnɪzəm/
noun
a political system in which the government controls all industry, every citizen is equally treated, and private ownership does not exist
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Examples

1So communism really changed the rules of the game.
2The one line-- "we need communism."
3- Communism assumes infallibility in everyone.
4Capitalism paid for Communism.
5Soviet communism collapsed.
extremism
/ˌɛkˈstɹɛmɪzəm/, /ˌɛkˈstɹiˌmɪzəm/
noun
religious or political actions, beliefs, or ideas that most people find them extreme, unreasonable, and abnormal
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Examples

1Political extremism is another factor.
2Extremism is not tolerated in any branch of the United States military.
3Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. NARRATOR:
4Extremism in defence of Brexit is no vice.
5Extremism became tolerance.
fascism
/ˈfæˌʃɪzəm/
noun
an extreme right-wing political attitude or system characterized by a strong central government, aggressively promoting one's country or race above others, as well as prohibiting any opposition
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Examples

1This is fascism.
2It’s fascism!
3That's not fascism.
4That's fascism.
5That's not fascism.
federalism
/ˈfɛdɝəˌɫɪzəm/, /ˈfɛdɹəˌɫɪzəm/
noun
a political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state
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Examples

1Federalism is something that pervades-- that is throughout these concerns of personal jurisdiction.
2Federalism also doesn't exist at the state level.
3So in federalism, the pattern has been something like this.
4By structural limits, I mean federalism and separation of powers.
5Federalism is another source of veto points in what can actually happen.
globalism
/ɡlˈoʊbəlˌɪzəm/
noun
a belief in which the actions of one country affect all other countries in the world and that economic policy is built on benefiting the whole world not an individual country
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Examples

1This is what globalism is.
2On the other hand, we have globalism.
3For nationalists, globalism is rapidly deconstructing what our ancestors took decades to build.
4We reject the ideology of globalism, and we embrace the doctrine of patriotism.
5In Mr Trump's terms, it's pulling back from globalism.
liberalism
/ˈɫɪˌbɝəˌɫɪzəm/
noun
the political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade
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Examples

1Liberalism has several core ideas.
2What is liberalism translated into political terms?
3Breadwinner liberalism defined US political culture for nearly half a century.
4Some people subscribe to John Stuart Mill's liberalism.
5And we have to reject liberalism.
socialism
/ˈsoʊʃəˌɫɪzəm/
noun
a political and economic principle in which main industries are controlled by the government and that wealth is equally divided among citizens
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Examples

1Their socialism entailed philanthropy.
2For the first time in his life, the boy encountered socialism.
3Now, socialism is a very capacious term as well.
4Socialism also has politics and economics.
5What is socialism?
administrative
/ədˈmɪnəˌstɹeɪtɪv/
adjective
related to the directing of an organization or business
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Examples

1Basically, Hamilton's plan reduced the states to administrative subdivisions.
2People in the United States occupied administrative buildings.
3You taught administrative law.
4I hate administrative work.
5So, an inaccurate theory produced sound administrative procedures.
congressional
/kənˈɡɹɛʃənəɫ/
adjective
relating to a congress, especially that of the US
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Examples

1He sees no congressional restraints.
2This thing had congressional funding at first.
3Congressional oversight was pretty poor in 2017, 2018.
4Each congressional representative would represent 30,000 or 40,000 people.
5It sparked congressional inquiries.
constitutional
/ˌkɑnstəˈtuʃənəɫ/
adjective
relating to or operating under the official laws and principles called the constitution, by which a country or state is governed
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Examples

1That's constitutional.
2Justice Kennedy taught constitutional law.
3They have constitutional rights.
4Constitutional rights include the freedom of speech, the freedom of religion, due process of law and equal protection under the law.
5The fifth crisis is constitutional.
electoral
/ɪˈɫɛktɝəɫ/
adjective
connected with elections or electors
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Examples

1The electoral college has spoken.
2People want electoral reform.
3reforming potentially our electoral systems.
4The electoral college is the main holdout from all of that.
5The states have already certified their electoral votes.
interim
/ˈɪnɝəm/, /ˈɪntɝəm/, /ˈɪntɹəm/
adjective
lasting only temporary before something permanent is presented
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Examples

1Narrator: Guaidó, the president of the National Assembly, claimed the title of interim leader in January 2019.
2We have an interim explanation.
3Where he lays out this interim plan.
4So the interim report on the President's Commission focused on medical education and opioid supply reduction.
5It reports interim results this week.
protocol
/ˈpɹoʊtəˌkɑɫ/, /ˈpɹoʊtəˌkɔɫ/
noun
a set of rules and appropriate behavior that officials use on formal occasions
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Examples

1But these protocols make sense.
2So the Vietnamese government has revised their protocols now.
3Here's the protocol.
4The protocol deals with the special position of Northern Ireland after Brexit.
5I know protocol.
to table
/ˈteɪbəɫ/
verb
to formally bring up a proposal, discussion, etc. at a meeting for consideration
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Examples

1She quickly puts a golden apple on the table.
2Jake sees a camera on the table.
3Table is over here.
4Table is real.
5Folding table.
entourage
/ˌɑntɝˈɑʒ/, /ˌɑntʊˈɹɑʒ/
noun
a group of people who work for and accompany a person of power or fame
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Examples

1Your little entourage was about.
2My mother has an entourage right now.
3DIANA: We even brought an entourage the second time.
4He has an immense entourage.
5Yeah, you ever watch Entourage?
appeasement
/əˈpizmənt/
noun
a policy of giving in to the demands of others in order to maintain peace, often at the cost of one's own principles or values
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Examples

1One of them is Munich, appeasement.
2This is appeasement behavior.
3It's appeasement.
4But it's appeasement.
5That is appeasement.

Great!

You've reviewed all the words in this lesson!