Anatomy is the branch of science that studies the structure of living organisms, including humans, animals, and plants. It involves examining the arrangement and relationships of different body parts, such as organs, tissues, bones, and cells, to understand how they function together in various organisms. By examining anatomy, researchers and medical professionals gain valuable understanding of the body's complexities, helping in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and injuries.

What is "anatomy"?

anatomy

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A chromosome is a long, thread-like structure found in the cells of living organisms. It is made up of proteins and DNA, which contains the genetic instructions for growth, development, and functioning. Each chromosome carries many genes, which are the instructions for making proteins and determining various traits and characteristics. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs, with one set coming from each parent. Chromosomes are crucial for cell division, as they ensure that genetic information is accurately copied and distributed to new cells.

What is a "chromosome"?

chromosome

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X chromosome

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Y chromosome

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Enzymes are special proteins that speed up biological reactions in the body. They help reactions occur more quickly by reducing the amount of energy needed to start them. Enzymes are highly specific, meaning each enzyme typically activates only one type of reaction or a few closely related reactions. They play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including digestion, metabolism, and cellular processes. For example, digestive enzymes aid in breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body, while metabolic enzymes assist in chemical reactions involved in energy production and the creation of essential molecules. Without enzymes, many vital biochemical reactions would happen too slowly to sustain life processes.

What is an "enzyme"?

enzyme

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An antigen is a foreign substance that triggers an immune response in the human body. It can be a molecule, such as a protein or a carbohydrate, that is recognized as non-self by the immune system. Antigens are often found on the surface of pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, but can also be present on allergens or cells from transplanted organs. When the immune system encounters an antigen, it initiates an immune response to eliminate or neutralize it. This response involves the production of antibodies, activation of immune cells, and the development of immune memory. Antigens are crucial for the body's ability to distinguish between self and non-self and play a vital role in immune defense and disease recognition.

What is an "antigen"?

antigen

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microbe

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to incubate

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fetus

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embryo

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to ovulate

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to mutate

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mutant

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lymph

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stem cell

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A membrane refers to a thin, flexible layer of tissue that covers, lines, or separates various structures and organs. These membranes serve diverse functions, such as protecting organs, providing structural support, facilitating movement and flexibility, and allowing for the exchange of substances. Examples of membranes in the human body include the mucous membranes that line the respiratory and digestive tracts, the serous membranes that encase organs in protective fluid-filled cavities, and the cell membranes that surround individual cells, regulating the passage of molecules. Membranes are essential for the proper functioning and integration of different body systems.

What is a "membrane"?

membrane

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Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that include fats, oils, and certain components of cell membranes. They are insoluble in water and primarily consist of hydrocarbons, including fatty acids and cholesterol. Lipids serve various essential functions in the body, such as providing energy, insulating and protecting organs, and serving as structural components of cell membranes. Types of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Triglycerides, found in fats and oils, are a major source of energy storage in the body. Phospholipids are crucial components of cell membranes, helping to maintain their structure and function. Sterols, such as cholesterol, are important for the production of hormones and vitamin D. While lipids are necessary for health, an imbalance or excessive intake of certain types, particularly saturated and trans fats, can contribute to health issues such as heart disease.

What is "lipid"?

lipid

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Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins, which are essential for numerous bodily functions. There are 20 different amino acids, and they can be divided into three categories: essential, non-essential, and conditional. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be obtained through dietary sources such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, and nuts. Non-essential amino acids are produced by the body, while conditional amino acids are typically non-essential but may become necessary during periods of illness or stress. Amino acids are crucial for constructing and repairing tissues, supporting immune function, and producing enzymes and hormones. Ensuring an adequate intake of all amino acids is important for maintaining overall health and proper bodily functions.

What are "amino acid"?

amino acid

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A neuron, also known as a nerve cell, is a specialized cell that is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. Neurons are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body, allowing us to think, feel, and move. They have a unique structure that includes dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while the cell body processes this information. The axon, which can be very long, carries electrical impulses away from the cell body and towards other neurons, muscles, or glands. Communication between neurons occurs through synapses, small gaps between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

What is a "neuron"?

neuron

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neurotransmitter

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mitochondrion

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anaerobic

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cortisol

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testosterone

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Insulin, produced by the pancreas, is a vital hormone in the endocrine system that controls the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It promotes the absorption of glucose from the bloodstream into cells, where it is used for energy or stored for later use. Insulin also helps regulate the storage of excess glucose in the liver and muscles as glycogen. By regulating glucose levels, insulin plays a key role in maintaining stable blood sugar levels and overall energy homeostasis in the body.

What is "insulin"?

insulin

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to secrete

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receptor

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genome

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dominant

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genetic code

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stimulus

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Estrogen is a hormone primarily produced by the ovaries in females, although it is also present in smaller amounts in males. It plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system and has various effects on the body. Estrogen is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females, such as breast development and the widening of the hips. It also plays a role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and is involved in the maintenance of bone health. Additionally, estrogen affects mood, cognition, and cardiovascular health. Overall, estrogen is an important hormone involved in reproductive processes and the overall well-being of individuals.

What is "estrogen"?

estrogen

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hybrid

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clone

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Here you will learn some English words about biology, such as "enzyme", "microbe", "fetus", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

Biology

Words related to "Biology" | Advanced Vocabulary for TOEFL