Modal Verbs For Intermediate learners

Modal verbs in German Grammar

What are Modal Verbs?

Modal verbs in German have the same function as English modal verbs. They talk about things such as, ability, likelihood, necessity, or permission. They accompany another verb and add a layer of meaning to that. The number of German modal verbs is small, and they can be memorized easily.

List of Modal Verbs in German

The table below shows the modal verbs in German grammar:

dürfen

to be allowed to, may

können

to be able to, can

mögen

to like to

müssen

to have to, must

sollen

to be supposed to, should

wollen

to want to

Function

A modal verb cannot stand alone and always needs a main verb in the infinitive, adding meaning such as ability, necessity, or permission. A main verb expresses the core action or state and can stand alone.

Example

Ich will schlafen.

I want to sleep.

Ich schlafe.

I sleep.

Du kannst das machen.

You can do that.

Du machst das.

You do that.

Sentence Structure

With modal verbs, the conjugated modal appears in the second position, and the main verb goes to the end in infinitive form. Main verbs can stand alone, with the conjugated verb in the second position.

Example

Er muss arbeiten.

He must work.

Er arbeitet.

He works.

Der Schüler will das Buch lesen.

The student wants to read the book.

Der Schüler liest das Buch.

The student reads the book.

Conjugation of German Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are irregular, and their conjugation must be memorized.

Dürfen (to be allowed to, may)

Expresses permission or allowance. Use it to indicate what someone is permitted to do.

Present

Simple Past

ich

darf

durfte

du

darfst

durftest

er/sie/es

darf

durfte

wir

dürfen

durften

ihr

dürft

durftet

sie

dürfen

durften

Sie (formal)

dürfen

durften

Example

Du darfst ausgehen.

You are allowed to go out.

(present tense)

Du durftest als Teenager oft ausgehen.

You were allowed to go out often as a teenager.

(simple past tense)

Können (to be able to, can)

Expresses ability, capability, or possibility. Use it to talk about skills or what is possible.

Present

Simple Past

ich

kann

konnte

du

kannst

konntest

er/sie/es

kann

konnte

wir

können

konnten

ihr

könnt

konntet

sie

können

konnten

Sie (formal)

können

konnten

Example

Er kann sehr gut singen.

He can sing very well.

(present tense)

Er konnte als Kind sehr gut singen.

He could sing very well as a child.

(simple past tense)

Mögen (to like to)

Expresses liking, preference, or fondness. Use it for personal tastes or things you enjoy.

Present

Simple Past

ich

mag

mochte

du

magst

mochtest

er/sie/es

mag

mochte

wir

mögen

mochten

ihr

mögt

mochtet

sie

mögen

mochten

Sie (formal)

mögen

mochten

Example

Ich mag keine Äpfel.

I don't like apples.

(present tense)

Ich mochte als Kind keine Äpfel.

I didn't like apples as a child.

(simple past tense)

Müssen (to have to, must)

Expresses necessity, obligation, or strong compulsion. Use it to indicate something that must be done.

Present

Simple Past

ich

muss

musste

du

musst

musstest

er/sie/es

muss

musste

wir

müssen

mussten

ihr

müsst

musstet

sie

müssen

mussten

Sie (formal)

müssen

mussten

Example

Sie muss heute arbeiten.

She has to work today.

(present tense)

Sie musste gestern arbeiten.

She had to work yesterday.

(simple past tense)

Sollen (to be supposed to, should)

Expresses duty, advice, or expectation. Use it when something is recommended, expected, or morally required.

Present

Simple Past

ich

soll

sollte

du

sollst

solltest

er/sie/es

soll

sollte

wir

sollen

sollten

ihr

sollt

solltet

sie

sollen

sollten

Sie (formal)

sollen

sollten

Example

Ihr sollt euer Zimmer aufräumen.

You are supposed to clean your room.

(present tense)

Ihr solltet euer Zimmer aufräumen.

You were supposed to clean your room.

(simple past tense)

Wollen (to want to)

Expresses desire, intention, or strong will. Use it to talk about what someone wants or plans to do.

Present

Simple Past

ich

will

wollte

du

willst

wolltest

er/sie/es

will

wollte

wir

wollen

wollten

ihr

wollt

wolltet

sie

wollen

wollten

Sie (formal)

wollen

wollten

Example

Ich will ein Haus kaufen.

I want to buy a house.

(present tense)

Ich wollte ein Haus kaufen.

I wanted to buy a house.

(simple past tense)

Sentence Structure

This section explains the word order rules in German sentences for the following:

Standard Statement

Yes/No Question

Negation

Standard Statement

In a standard statement, the conjugated modal verb is placed in the second position and the main verb (infinitive form) goes to the end of the clause.

[subject + modal verb + … + main verb]

Example

Ich will heute ein Buch lesen.

I want to read a book today.

Yes/No Question

In a yes/no question, the conjugated modal verb should be in the first position and the main verb must be placed at the end of the clause.

[conjugated modal verb + subject + ... + main verb (Infinitive)?]

Example

Kannst du schwimmen?

Can you swim?

Willst du heute kommen?

Do you want to come today?

Negation

In order to negate a modal verb, you usually need to add "nicht" before the infinitive(s) at the end of the clause.

[subject + modal verb + … + nicht + infinitive(s)]

Example

Du darfst hier nicht rauchen.

You are not allowed to smoke here.

Ich kann heute nicht kommen.

I cannot come today.

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