Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 3 - Lecture - Passage 2 (2)

a chemical element present in all living things and in substances such as coal, graphite, and diamond

in regard to what someone has said or written

the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, primarily from burning fossil fuels, industrial processes, and etc.

the act of clearing away obstacles or unwanted materials to make an area open or usable

an uncontrolled and destructive fire that occurs in a forest or other wooded area

to let a chemical substance out into the environment or a specific area

a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis

the existence of a range of different plants and animals in a natural environment

pinnate-leaved palms of the genus Elaeis having dense clusters of crowded flowers and bright red fruit and yielding high quality palm oils

the total income generated from business activities or other sources

a layer of matter that has been accumulated, particularly by a body of water

relating to, affecting, or consisting of only part of something rather than the whole

the natural process where bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the ecosystem

trees and plants in general, particularly those of a specific habitat or area

referring to substances or solutions that have a pH value lower than 7, indicating a higher concentration of hydrogen ions and often a sour taste

to use a sharp object like scissors or a knife on something to remove a section from it

the act of cutting down trees to use their wood

a long, narrow hole next to a road to keep it from getting too wet

an area of land that is covered with water or is always very wet

to put something on water or another liquid so that it remains on the surface or moves with the current

a section of the trunk or a large branch of a tree that has been cut or has fallen

to provide enough space or time for a particular purpose or activity

a tall cereal plant that produces large ears containing rows of yellow or white kernels

(microbiology) single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and living organisms, and can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral

a diverse group of organisms that include mushrooms, yeasts, and molds, characterized by their ability to decompose organic matter

(in mathematics, chemistry, or grammar) to break into smaller parts or components, especially for a detailed analysis or examination

to make something change and become something else

a colorless, odorless, flammable which is the main component of natural gasgas

at the same time but often somewhere else

the part of something that is left after the rest has been used, removed, or dealt with

firm and stable in form, not like a gas or liquid

a physical substance that occupies space and exists in every material in the universe

toward a lower place, position, or level, either physically or figuratively

used to express regret or say that something is disappointing or sad

greatly desired

a product or raw material that can be bought and sold, especially in large quantities on financial markets

a type of vegetable oil derived from the fruit of oil palm trees

softwood used to make paper

characterized by an excessive presence of water, resulting in marshy conditions

relating to chemical compounds that contain carbon

to a degree that is higher than usual

to aim or direct something, such as an action or effort, towards a specific goal or objective

to remove liquid from something by allowing or causing it to flow away

the act of preparing and using land to grow crops, especially on a large scale

the process during which a building or piece of land sinks to a lower level or to the ground

to be made up of various components or parts within a whole

the part of the Earth's surface between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn; characterized by a hot climate

to go down or settle, either by sinking or gently lowering, as in buildings, on the ground, or in water

before a specific period of time passes

an area of scenery visible in a single view

covered with water

a horrible event that causes much suffering and damage

the process or act of making a person or thing ready for use, an event, act, situation, etc.

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

a large, unbroken expanse of land, like a continent or a big island, standing out from smaller land features

a land measurement unit that equals 10000 square meters or 2471 acres

an area of relative darkness and coolness where direct sunlight is blocked

to a considerable extent or degree

the specific and localized atmospheric conditions within a small and distinct area, often differing from the surrounding region

to put a plan or idea into action using tangible and specific steps to ensure its successful realization

to record information in a detailed manner

difficult to notice or detect because of its slight or delicate nature

causing a chemical or biological effect on something

wet land that contains a thick layer of dead plants, mostly moss, which builds up over time and stores a lot of carbon

referring to actions, methods, or tools that help reduce harm to the climate, adjust to its changes, and protect the environment

remaining after all costs, expenses, taxes, or other deductions have been subtracted

something, such as a device or machine, that releases or sends out something, such as light, sound, or gas