Cambridge IELTS 17 - Academic - Test 3 - Lecture - Passage 2 (2)

to a very great degree

the total amount of something that is produced, as in agriculture or an industry

in a manner that consists mostly of a specific kind, quality, etc.

related to the connection between animals, plants, and humans and their environment

the amount of space that a substance or object takes or the amount of space inside an object

the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, primarily from burning fossil fuels, industrial processes, and etc.

a plant that is grown for food over large areas of land

to isolate a substance, typically a metal ion, within a compound to prevent it from reacting with other substances

any of the available possibilities that one can choose from

forest or woodland having a mature or overly mature ecosystem more or less uninfluenced by human activity

impossible or very hard to control

to control an activity or process by means of rules, laws, or official requirements

using natural resources in a way that causes no harm to the environment

to be constructed from or made up of certain things or people

a person or business that sells goods directly to consumers

a group of people who are gathered together for a common purpose

to successfully accomplish or fulfill a task, goal, or requirement as expected or necessary

to demand something firmly and persistently

the practice of openly sharing information, sources, and processes to maintain trust, credibility, and accountability with the audience

the act of judging or evaluating someone or something carefully based on specific standards or principles

a supply of something available for future use

the guidelines or principles that help decide whether something meets a specific expectation or requirement

to meet the requirements, conditions, or standards set for something

officially approved or guaranteed as meeting required standards

having the same meaning, quality, value, etc. as a different person or thing

(of land) unable to support the growth of plants

to suggest or communicate something indirectly rather than state it clearly

a particular way in which something is done or happens

a substance such as a vitamin, protein, fat, etc. that is essential for good health and growth

in a manner expressing the capability or likelihood of something happening or developing in the future

a diverse group of organisms that include mushrooms, yeasts, and molds, characterized by their ability to decompose organic matter

(microbiology) single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and living organisms, and can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral

species that do not possess or cannot develop a spinal column, such as an arthropod, mollusk, etc.

any cold-blooded animal with the ability to live both on land and in water, such as toads, frogs, etc.

a class of animals to which crocodiles, lizards, etc. belong, characterized by having cold blood and scaly skin

the practice of preparing and using land for growing crops, especially on a large scale

a community of living organisms together with their physical environment, interacting as a system

to explain or show the meaning of something using examples, pictures, etc.

an increase in the amount, size, importance, or degree of something

a reason or explanation that shows something to be right, reasonable, or necessary

in a gradual and even way

the process of officially validating or confirming the authenticity, quality, or standards of something or someone

a rule made by the government, an authority, etc. to control or govern something within a particular area

to control or determine how an activity, process, or situation operates or develops

a consistent method, system, or way of doing something

(of plants) growing on another plant without taking anything from it, usually just using it for support

a plant or animal that plays a very important role in keeping the balance of its environment, and if it disappears, many other living things can be affected