Cambridge IELTS 15 - Académique - Test 4 - Lecture - Passage 1

(of land or a climate) very dry because of not having enough or any rain

to respond positively or with joy to an event, development, or change

a relatively long narrow piece of something

to apply pressure to fit or pass something into or through a tight space

easily damaged or broken

a community of living organisms together with their physical environment, interacting as a system

in a manner that almost does not occur or happen

happening the whole year

fitting for a specific purpose, situation, or person

the underground part of a plant that absorbs water and minerals, sending it to other parts

to draw liquid or moisture into something by creating a vacuum or suction

the layer of soil between the topsoil and bedrock

(botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion

a scientist who studies ancient plant remains from archaeological sites to learn about past human-plant interactions and environments

to resist or endure the force, pressure, or challenges imposed upon oneself

a long period of time when there is not much raining

a plant that is grown for food over large areas of land

to lose strength or quality over time, becoming less effective or reliable

to put someone or something new instead of someone or something else

to cause something to fall by delivering a forceful blow, typically with the intent of bringing it to the ground

land that is filled with many trees

the process by which soil and rock are gradually destroyed and removed by natural forces such as wind, water, and ice

to change and become something else

absolutely necessary and of great importance

(of a place) close to another

to cause a plant to develop and give fruit or flowers

a long and narrow casing filled with seeds that grows on some specific plants, such as beans and peas

a usually green part of a plant in which the photosynthesis takes place

the hard outer covering of a tree

relating to or made from herbs, which are plants valued for their medicinal, aromatic, or culinary properties

a treatment or medicine for a disease or to reduce pain that is not severe

a part of a tree divided into some other parts on which the leaves grow

a hard black substance consisting of an amorphous form of carbon which is made by slowly burning wood and is used as fuel or for drawing

the main wooden body of a tree

to no longer be able be found or located, often leading to frustration

a piece of land under 50 acres that is sold or let to someone for cultivation

no longer present or available

a student of or specialist in the scientific study of plants, their structure, genetics, classification, etc.

a scientist who studies the relationship between people and plants, focusing on how different cultures use plants for medicine, food, rituals, and other purposes

characterized by being at the forefront of new developments or leading the way in innovation and exploration

to bring something back into existence or operation, especially after a period of inactivity or decline

the place or area in which certain animals, birds, or plants naturally exist, lives, and grows

in agreement with or supportive of a plan, decision, or idea

an unreasonable opinion or judgment based on dislike felt for a person, group, etc., particularly because of their race, sex, etc.

relating to goals or ideals that inspire ambition or desire for achievement

the act of recovering someone to a state of consciousness or life

to restore someone or something to a previous state or position, especially after a temporary suspension or removal

a feeling of dignity and self-respect

related to the connection between animals, plants, and humans and their environment

the customs, traditions, rituals, and behaviors that are inherited and preserved within a community or society over time

a child who attends classes at a school

the act of repairing something such as an artwork, building, etc. to be in its original state

able to continue for a long period of time

any substance that can be used for consumption as food

to apply heat until food or a liquid starts to boil or cook

any of various seeds or fruits that are beans or resemble beans

having a heavy consistency that resists flowing easily

a thick sweet liquid made with sugar that is often used as a sauce

a thick, dark syrup with a strong and distinctive flavor, produced during the process of refining sugar

to crush something into small particles by rubbing or pressing it against a hard surface

to cook something, especially meat, over a fire or in an oven for an extended period

having the flavor, smell, or qualities characteristic of chocolate

a solid and natural substance that is not produced in the body of living beings but its intake is necessary to remain healthy

holding appropriate documentation and officially on record as qualified to perform a specified function or practice a specified skill

to a specific degree, particularly when compared to other similar things

to have the amount of money needed to buy necessities

to start loving someone deeply

travel across or pass over

to cause something to be separated into pieces

a narrow area of land that connects two larger places or follows along something like a road or river

a class of animals to which humans, cows, lions, etc. belong, have warm blood, fur or hair and typically produce milk to feed their young

the fine spores that contain male gametes and that are borne by an anther in a flowering plant

to act against something in order to reduce its effect

to reduce something in degree, amount, quality, or strength

the process of becoming a vapor

a location or circumstance that offers protection and safety

the existence of a range of different plants and animals in a natural environment

a vast, open area or surface

to utilize or take full advantage of something, often resources, opportunities, or skills

to officially introduce or launch a new product, service, or system

a person or animal that resides in a particular place