Cambridge IELTS 15 - Académique - Test 4 - Lecture - Passage 3

to exert a significant influence on the development, nature, or outcome of something

related to the core and most important or basic parts of something

to go against established norms or principles

a person whose occupation or hobby is catching fish

a workplace where fish are caught and processed and sold

(economics) a restriction on trade imposed by a government that limits the import, export or production of a particular product

the act of cutting down trees to use their wood

an agreement in which we agree to pay rent to use someone else's house, room, etc.

using one's power or authority to do illegal things for personal gain or financial benefit

lacking practical knowledge and experience and tending to believe everything

a holder or proprietor of land

a rule made by the government, an authority, etc. to control or govern something within a particular area

to perform better or achieve superior results compared to someone or something else in a competitive context

a complete change, resulting in a situation that is opposite to the previous one

to critique or find fault with something or someone

to overlook or neglect something important or noteworthy

an organization that helps those in need by giving them money, food, etc.

a natural or legal person that owns at least one share in a company

an action that one must perform because they are legally or morally forced to do so

used for stating conditions necessary for something to happen or be available

a member of a board of directors; one of a group of senior managers who run a company

subject to legal action

to describe something using a specific word or phrase

to break an agreement, law, etc.

legally obligated to act in the best interests of another party, typically when managing their assets or affairs

with full awareness and intention

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

the lowest level of salary, set by the law

to officially tell people something

an individual, institution, etc. that owns shares or stocks in a corporation

used to indicate the method or channel by which something is done

causing a lot of damage or harm

in the end of or over a long period of time

someone who works in the government or a law-making organization

not generating a profit, gain, or financial benefit

(of a business) providing benefits or valuable returns

using natural resources in a way that causes no harm to the environment

a sudden and unfortunate event that causes a great amount of death and destruction

(of content of a container) to be emptied out onto a surface

at or to a certain distance away in physical space

in a manner that is environmentally practical in the long term, without draining resources or causing harm

to gather resources so one can use them later

data that shows the past performance of an organization, product, or person, often used as a basis of evaluation

to express your annoyance, unhappiness, or dissatisfaction about something

to make a formal decision to give someone something valuable as a recognition of merit, achievement, or entitlement

to try very hard to persuade someone to do something

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

to ensure that a law or rule is followed

a rule made by the government, an authority, etc. to control or govern something within a particular area

the act of applying or implementing an idea, theory, or plan into real-world actions or activities

in a sequential manner, referring to actions or events occurring in a specific order

to put force on something or to use power in order to influence someone or something

the act or process of something becoming known or shared by a larger area or group

affected by a disease-causing agent, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites

to no longer continue something altogether

a wholesaler in the meat-packing business

to decline in amount or value in a sudden and rapid way

feeling very angry or deeply offended

to assign a rank, position, or category based on an assessment, comparison, or standard

used to show compliance with a specific rule, guideline, or standard

to begin to exist or become noticeable

the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group

expressed very clearly, leaving no doubt or confusion

to give someone the ability, strength, or confidence to take control or make decisions independently

narrowly and conventionally moral

the fact or state of not having the necessary information, knowledge, or understanding of something

from the perspective or responsibility of a particular individual or group

to increase knowledge or understanding about a particular issue, cause, or topic

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

an intense and selfish desire for something such as power and wealth