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Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic - Test 4 - Reading - Passage 3

Here you can find the vocabulary from Test 4 - Reading - Passage 3 in the Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic coursebook, to help you prepare for your IELTS exam.

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Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic
to shape
to shape
[Verb]

to exert a significant influence on the development, nature, or outcome of something

Ex: Early childhood experiences can shape a person's personality and attitudes later in life. 
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fundamental
fundamental
[Adjective]

related to the core and most important or basic parts of something

Ex: Understanding basic mathematics is fundamental to solving more complex problems. 
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to offend
to offend
[Verb]

to go against established norms or principles

Ex: Speeding on the highway offends traffic laws and regulations. 
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fisherman
fisherman
[noun]

a person whose occupation or hobby is catching fish

Ex: The fisherman cast his net into the water, hoping for a good catch. 
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fishery
fishery
[noun]

a workplace where fish are caught and processed and sold

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quota
quota
[noun]

(economics) a restriction on trade imposed by a government that limits the import, export or production of a particular product

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logging
logging
[noun]

the act of cutting down trees to use their wood

Ex: Logging in the area has led to widespread deforestation and loss of biodiversity. 
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lease
lease
[noun]

an agreement in which we agree to pay rent to use someone else's house, room, etc.

Ex: I'm unsure about the lease's terms regarding noise after 10 pm 
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corrupt
corrupt
[Adjective]

using one's power or authority to do illegal things for personal gain or financial benefit

Ex: The corrupt politician embezzled public funds for personal gain. 
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unsophisticated
unsophisticated
[Adjective]

lacking practical knowledge and experience and tending to believe everything

Ex: The unsophisticated tourist fell for the common scams and lost a significant amount of money. 
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landowner
landowner
[noun]

a person who owns land

Ex: The landowner decided to plant trees on his property. 
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regulation

a rule made by the government, an authority, etc. to control or govern something within a particular area

Ex: The new regulations require all vehicles to undergo emissions testing annually. 
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to outcompete

to perform better or achieve superior results compared to someone or something else in a competitive context

Ex: The new software is designed to outcompete all existing applications in terms of speed and functionality. 
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reverse
reverse
[noun]

a complete change, resulting in a situation that is opposite to the previous one

Ex: The fortunes of the team experienced a dramatic reverse in the final minutes of the game. 
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to blame
to blame
[Verb]

to critique or find fault with something or someone

Ex: The literary critic blamed the novel for its shallow character development and predictable plot twists. 
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to ignore
to ignore
[Verb]

to overlook or neglect something important or noteworthy

Ex: He ignored the warning signs and continued driving despite the storm. 
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charity
charity
[noun]

an organization that helps those in need by giving them money, food, etc.

Ex: The charity organized a fundraiser to support homeless shelters. 
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shareholder

a natural or legal person that owns at least one share in a company

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obligation

an action that one must perform because they are legally or morally forced to do so

Ex: Paying taxes is a civic obligation that supports public services and infrastructure. 
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provided that
provided that
[conjunction]

used for stating conditions necessary for something to happen or be available

Ex: She agreed to lend him the money, provided that he pays it back within a month. 
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director
director
[noun]

a member of a board of directors; one of a group of senior managers who run a company

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liable
liable
[Adjective]

legally answerable to action or penalty under the law

Ex: The company is liable to prosecution for safety violations. 
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to term
to term
[Verb]

to describe something using a specific word or phrase

Ex: The linguist termed the language phenomenon code-switching to describe the alternating use of two languages in conversation. 
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to breach
to breach
[Verb]

to break an agreement, law, etc.

Ex: The company faced legal action for breaching the terms of the contract. 
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fiduciary
fiduciary
[Adjective]

legally obligated to act in the best interests of another party, typically when managing their assets or affairs

Ex: The lawyer has a fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of their client. 
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knowingly
knowingly
[Adverb]

with full awareness and intention

Ex: The driver knowingly broke the speed limit despite the warning signs. 
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to sue
to sue
[Verb]

to bring a charge against an individual or organization in a law court

Ex: The dissatisfied customer decided to sue the company for breach of contract. 
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minimum wage

the lowest level of salary, set by the law

Ex: The government increased the minimum wage to help low-income workers. 
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to declare

to officially tell people something

Ex: The country's leaders gathered to declare their independence from colonial rule. 
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stockholder

an individual, institution, etc. that owns shares or stocks in a corporation

Ex: As a diligent stockholder, she regularly attends shareholder meetings to stay informed about the company's performance and future plans. 
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through
through
[preposition]

used to indicate the method or channel by which something is done

Ex: He found the answer through careful research. 
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destructive
destructive
[Adjective]

causing a lot of damage or harm

Ex: The destructive hurricane left a trail of devastation in its wake. 
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(in|over) the long run

in the end of or over a long period of time

Ex: In the long run, saving a little every month makes a big difference. 
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politician

someone who works in the government or a law-making organization

Ex: Many young people dream of becoming a politician. 
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unprofitable
unprofitable
[Adjective]

not generating a profit, gain, or financial benefit

Ex: The business decided to close its unprofitable branches to streamline operations and cut losses. 
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profitable
profitable
[Adjective]

(of a business) providing benefits or valuable returns

Ex: The new marketing strategy proved highly profitable, increasing the company's revenue by 20% in just six months. 
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sustainable
sustainable
[Adjective]

using natural resources in a way that causes no harm to the environment

Ex: The farm practices sustainable agriculture. 
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disaster
disaster
[noun]

a sudden and unfortunate event that causes a great amount of death and destruction

Ex: After the disaster, the community came together to support each other. 
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to spill
to spill
[Verb]

(of content of a container) to be emptied out onto a surface

Ex: She spilled the contents of her purse onto the table to find her keys. 
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off
off
[Adverb]

at or to a certain distance away in physical space

Ex: He watched silently from ten feet off. 
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sustainably
sustainably
[Adverb]

in a manner that is environmentally practical in the long term, without draining resources or causing harm

Ex: The construction project aims to utilize sustainably sourced materials. 
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to harvest

to gather resources so one can use them later

Ex: He harvested rainwater during the monsoon season to use in the dry months. 
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track record

data that shows the past performance of an organization, product, or person, often used as a basis of evaluation

Ex: The company's strong track record in customer service helped it secure the contract. 
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to complain

to express your annoyance, unhappiness, or dissatisfaction about something

Ex: Emily likes to complain about the long commute to work every morning. 
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to award
to award
[Verb]

to give or order the giving of something, such as payment, compensation, or a contract, based on judgment, merit, or entitlement

Ex: The court awarded damages to the injured worker. 
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to press
to press
[Verb]

to try very hard to persuade someone to do something

Ex: He pressed his boss for a promotion, citing his accomplishments and dedication to the company. 
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to pass
to pass
[Verb]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

Ex: In 1996, Congress unanimously passed the Food Quality Protection Act. 
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to enforce

to ensure that a law or rule is followed

Ex: The police are tasked with enforcing the laws to maintain public order. 
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regulation

a rule made by the government, an authority, etc. to control or govern something within a particular area

Ex: The new regulations require all vehicles to undergo emissions testing annually. 
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practice
practice
[noun]

the act of applying or implementing an idea, theory, or plan into real-world actions or activities

Ex: The proposed solution seemed ideal in theory, but it faced several challenges in practice. 
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in turn
in turn
[Adverb]

in a sequential manner, referring to actions or events occurring in a specific order

Ex: Each participant presented their findings in turn during the conference. 
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to exert
to exert
[Verb]

to put force on something or to use power in order to influence someone or something

Ex: The charismatic leader was able to exert a significant influence on the team. 
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spread
spread
[noun]

the act or process of something becoming known or shared by a larger area or group

Ex: The rapid spread of ideas led to important social changes. 
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infected
infected
[Adjective]

affected by a disease-causing agent, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites

Ex: The doctor confirmed that she was infected with the flu virus. 
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to abandon

to no longer continue something altogether

Ex: Sarah finally mustered the courage to abandon her toxic relationship. 
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meat packer

a wholesaler in the meat-packing business

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to plummet

to decline in amount or value in a sudden and rapid way

Ex: After the disappointing earnings report, the company's stock value began to plummet. 
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outraged
outraged
[Adjective]

feeling very angry or deeply offended

Ex: He felt outraged when he heard about the government's decision to cut funding for education. 
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to place
to place
[Verb]

to assign a rank, position, or category based on an assessment, comparison, or standard

Ex: The judges placed him third in the competition due to his impressive performance. 
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in accordance with
in accordance with
[preposition]

used to show compliance with a specific rule, guideline, or standard

Ex: All employees are required to act in accordance with the company's code of ethics. 
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to arise
to arise
[Verb]

to begin to exist or become noticeable

Ex: Unexpected challenges can arise during the course of a project, requiring swift problem-solving. 
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moral principle

the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group

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explicit
explicit
[Adjective]

expressed very clearly, leaving no doubt or confusion

Ex: The instructions were explicit, leaving no room for misunderstanding. 
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to empower

to give someone the ability, strength, or confidence to take control or make decisions independently

Ex: The mentor’s advice helped empower her to pursue her career goals. 
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moralistic
moralistic
[Adjective]

narrowly and conventionally moral

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ignorance
ignorance
[noun]

the fact or state of not having the necessary information, knowledge, or understanding of something

Ex: His ignorance of the subject was evident when he gave incorrect answers during the discussion. 
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on the part of
on the part of
[preposition]

from the perspective or responsibility of a particular individual or group

Ex: On the part of the management team, there is a commitment to improving employee morale. 
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to [raise] awareness

to increase knowledge or understanding about a particular issue, cause, or topic

Ex: The organization's campaign aims to raise awareness about the importance of mental health. 
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legislation

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

Ex: The new environmental legislation limits carbon emissions from factories. 
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greed
greed
[noun]

an intense and selfish desire for something such as power and wealth

Ex: His greed for money led him to make unethical business decisions. 
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