Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 3 - Lecture - Passage 1 (2)

indicating a large number of something

a man-made object, tool, weapon, etc. that was created in the past and holds historical or cultural significance

a small piece that has broken off or become separated from a larger whole

a tool with a long wooden handle attached to a heavy steel or iron blade, primarily used for chopping wood and cutting down trees

to determine or figure out when something happened or was created

the bivalve shell of a clam, characterized by two symmetrical halves that hinge together

without being exact

before the present moment or a specific time

at, in, or to another place

located close to a particular place or within a short distance

to the same extent or degree, used in comparisons to show equality or intensity

in a favorable or approving manner

the creation of a construct; the process of combining ideas into a congruous object of thought

a narrow boat that is light and has pointed ends, which can be moved using paddles

used to introduce a result based on the information or actions that came before

to make something stay in the same state or condition

a means of transportation that is used by a passenger after getting off a previous one to continue their journey

(of a place) close to another

a level or tier within a complex system, idea, or structure, often imagined as having depth or hierarchy

an item that provides lasting evidence or information about past events, actions, or conditions

to have origins or existence that extends to a specific earlier time

not capable of being entered, pierced, or passed through

including or covering a wide range or scope

having happened, started, or been done only a short time ago

one of the periods in history when ice covered large parts of the world

in a way that carries particular importance or meaning, often in relation to the context

used to say that something is likely to happen or is true

(of plants) existing and growing densely close together with little space in between, creating a lush and impenetrable area

in regard to what someone has said or written

a situation in which two things happen simultaneously by chance that is considered unusual

to make or create something with skill and careful attention

used to indicate a preference between two alternatives, often suggesting one option is chosen over the other

the hard empty outer body of an oyster, clam, etc., often found on a shore

as a reaction or answer to something

exceptionally strong and durable

the act or process of changing something, usually slightly

in a manner that is gradually growing in degree, extent, or frequency over time

despite the fact that; even though

the hard protective case or covering of some animals such as a snail, mussel, crab, or turtle

a sharp side formed by the intersection of two surfaces of an object

to dig the ground and discover something

more than any other thing

a small nocturnal marsupial with a long tail that lives in trees and is found in the western hemisphere

any living thing that is able to move on its own, such as an animal, fish, etc.

a small area of land used for growing a particular crop or type of plant

to create a path or open space by removing obstacles or objects in the way

to wear down or shape something through repetitive friction or abrasion

a rare, tree-living animal with thick fur and a long tail, found only in a small part of Indonesia, known for moving slowly and living alone in the forest