Cambridge IELTS 17 - Academic - Test 3 - Lecture - Passage 1

(of an animal, plant, etc.) not having any living members, either due to natural causes, environmental changes, or human activity

any of the order of mammals that carry their young babies in a pouch, such as kangaroos, found either in Australia or Americas

to share similarities in appearance, characteristics, or qualities

appearing to have a certain quality, yet lacking it in reality

serving to identify or characterize

an area of land, particularly in reference to its physical or natural features

particularly suitable or ideal for a specific purpose

the natural environment in which a particular animal, plant, or other organism normally lives or grows

in a manner that is only available to a particular person, group, or thing

(of plants or animals) feeding on the meat or flesh of other animals

having a robust body-build characterized by well-developed muscles, bones, and connective tissue derived from the embryonic mesoderm

to expand, swell, or stretch beyond the normal or usual size

the process by which organisms evolve traits that improve their chances of survival and reproduction in a particular environment

to counteract a force, change, or undesirable effect by producing an opposing effect

present in very limited amounts or number and not commonly found or encountered

to make someone extremely tired

the act of chasing or following someone or something in order to catch them

a distinctive smell, especially a pleasant one

to become visible after coming out of somewhere

to move back or away from something, especially to avoid danger or an unpleasant situation

used to show that something happened or is true, even though there was a difficulty or obstacle that might have prevented it

a person's or animal's natural or inherent characteristics, influencing their behavior, mood, and emotional responses

(of animals or organisms) primarily active during the night

to see or observe with the eyes

to store information in a way that can be used in the future

to lie or rest in a pleasant warmth, such as sunlight

lasting longer than usual or anticipated

something that serves to show, suggest, or point to a fact, condition, or situation

to move slowly with the body near the ground or on the hands and knees

a pocket-like structure that female marsupials, such as kangaroos, use to carry their young with them

the part of the body of a female mammal from which the young suck milk

a place where a wild animal lives, hides, or takes refuge

existing or spreading among many people, groups, or communities through communication, influence, or awareness

the main part of a continent or country that is connected to a larger landmass, excluding surrounding islands or territories

the preserved remains, impression, or trace of an organism from a past geological age

a situation in which a particular animal or plant no longer exists

to happen at the same time or at nearly the same time as something else

an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals

to feed a baby or young animal by drawing milk from the breast or teat

surprising or exciting in appearance or effect

to assign the cause or ownership of something to a specific person, thing, or factor

continuing with the same level of intensity without becoming weaker or less forceful

a hunter who kills designated wild animals in order to collect a government reward

a long gun that can shoot multiple small bullets at one time, suitable for hunting animals such as birds

having or displaying a strong will to achieve a goal despite the challenges or obstacles

a series of organized activities that are intended to achieve a particular goal

used to say that there is no doubt something is true or is the case

to actively influence or impact a situation, event, or outcome

to be one of the causes or reasons that helps something happen

happening at the end of a process or a particular period of time

a person who moves to a new area to live and establish a community

an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal

a group that animals, plants, etc. of the same type which are capable of producing healthy offspring with each other are divided into

a contagious viral disease affecting animals, especially dogs, causing respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms

to cause illness or medical conditions in an individual

to make animals produce offspring in a way that is suitable for human beings

the state of being confined, imprisoned, or held against one's will

the end or failure of something, such as an organization, system, or life

to become or make something smaller, weaker, less intense, or less in amount

the act of completely destroying or eliminating something, especially a population or group

the influence or control over someone or something

important, remarkable, or deserving particular attention

a person or thing that does not follow a general rule or is excluded from a class or group

to a degree or extent that is enough

the state of not having enough or being in demand of something

a line determining the limits of an area

a formal proposal presented for discussion and voting in a deliberative assembly

confined or held prisoner, unable to escape

an organized journey undertaken for a particular purpose, especially exploration, research, or military action

settling an issue authoritatively and leaving no room for further doubt or debate

explicitly stated or presented as fact

from a specific point forward in time, degree, or progress

something suggested or put forward for consideration, such as an idea, plan, or assumption

to give a person or animal a place to live or settle in

not practical or feasible

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

to find out how old something is by measuring the amount of a certain type of carbon it has left