Лингвистика - Лингвистические теории и подходы

(linguistics) a linguistic theory that believes in an innate set of rules which can be used to produce an infinite number of possible sentences in a language

порождающая грамматика

the branch of linguistics that studies how words are created and how their structure reflects their meaning by focusing on morphemes

реализационная морфология, мorphология реализации

a theoretical framework within linguistics that focuses on the way morphological processes and structures are distributed across different levels of linguistic representation

распределённая морфология, распределенная морфология

a linguistic theory that aims to explain the rules behind the transformation of sentences from one form to another, such as from active to passive voice

трансформационная грамматика, грамматика превращения

a linguistic framework that seeks to describe and explain the relationship between meaning and syntax in language

теория смысл-текста, теория связи между значением и синтаксисом

a linguistic framework that emphasizes the central role of words in language structure and meaning

грамматика слова, лексическая грамматика

a linguistic framework that provides a model for analyzing and representing the hierarchical structure of phrases in syntax

теория X-бар, X-барная теория

a linguistic framework that focuses on the relationship between operators and their scope in the analysis of sentence structure and meaning

операторная грамматика, грамматика операторов

a linguistic framework that aims to provide a formal and computationally tractable account of sentence structure and parsing

грамматика пар дуг, грамматика пар арок

a speculative hypothesis about the origin of language, suggesting that language developed as a result of humans imitating the sounds of natural phenomena and the vocalizations of animals

теория боу-вау, ономатопейная теория

a linguistic framework that analyzes language based on the functions it serves in communication, focusing on the relationship between language and its social, cultural, and cognitive context to understand how language is used to express meaning and achieve communicative goals

функциональная лингвистика, лингвистика функций

a linguistic framework that posits that language structures and patterns are governed by a set of universal constraints, which compete with each other to determine the optimal output

теория оптимальности, оптимальная теория

a linguistic framework that focuses on the role of grammatical constructions, or form-meaning pairings, in language structure and usage

конструктивная грамматика, грамматика конструкций

a theoretical approach in linguistics that emphasizes the analysis of language structure as a system of interrelated elements, focusing on the underlying rules and patterns that govern language organization rather than individual linguistic units

структурализм

a framework within pragmatics that focuses on the process of communication and the role of relevance in comprehension

теория релевантности, теория уместности

a linguistic framework that analyzes the phonological structure of languages by representing different phonological features and processes as separate and independent tiers, or autosegments, which interact with one another

автосегментная фонология, фонология с независимыми сегментами

a linguistic framework that models language understanding as a dynamic and incremental process, where the interpretation of an utterance is built incrementally based on the combination of words and their interaction with the context

динамический синтаксис, синтаксис динамики

a theoretical perspective that posits that knowledge and understanding are actively constructed by individuals through their interactions with the world

конструктивизм

a linguistic framework that analyzes meaning in terms of conceptual frames or mental structures, which organize our knowledge and understanding of the world

рамочная семантика, семантика фреймов

a linguistic framework that analyzes sentence structure by representing the relationships and dependencies between words using directed links, focusing on the hierarchical organization of these dependencies and the role of syntactic heads

грамматика зависимостей, зависимая грамматика

a prominent theory in the field of language acquisition, which argues that humans possess a genetically predetermined capacity for acquiring and developing language

гипотеза иннатизма, теория иннатизма

a linguistic method used to identify and analyze the grammatical constituents or structural units within a sentence, revealing the hierarchical relationships between words and phrases to understand the underlying syntactic structure

конституентный анализ, анализ конституантов

the practice of prescribing or dictating specific rules, norms, and standards for language usage, often through formal grammars and style guides, with the aim of maintaining or promoting a particular variant or prestige form of a language

лингвистическая предписания, языкознавственная норма

an interdisciplinary approach that explores the evolutionary origins, development, and adaptive functions of language within human populations, integrating principles from linguistics, biology, anthropology, and cognitive science

эволюционная лингвистика, лингвистика эволюции

an approach in translation studies that emphasizes the importance of the intended purpose or function (skopos) of a translation in guiding translation decisions, focusing on the target context and communicative goals

теория скоопоса, подход скоопос

a quantitative approach in linguistics that uses statistical methods and computational tools to analyze and measure linguistic variation and similarities across dialects or language varieties

диалектометрия

an approach in linguistics that focuses on the study of meaning by examining the cognitive concepts and categories underlying language, emphasizing the role of mental representations and cognitive processes in shaping linguistic meaning and understanding

концептуальная семантика, когнитивная семантика

a sociolinguistic research approach that analyzes naturally occurring conversations to uncover the underlying organizational patterns and interactive processes through which meaning is collaboratively constructed

анализ разговора, изучение разговора

a cognitive framework that suggests that our understanding of categories is based on prototypes or typical examples that embody the core features of a category, and that category membership is determined by the degree of resemblance to these prototypes

теория прототипов, прототипная теория

a linguistic framework that seeks to explain the assignment of thematic roles to arguments in a sentence based on their relation to the verb and the syntactic structure of the sentence

тета-теория, теория тематических ролей

a framework in pragmatics that analyzes how individuals employ language strategies to manage social interactions and maintain positive face, while minimizing potential threats to face

теория вежливости, теория учтивости

a sociolinguistic model that describes language changes and shifts over time as occurring in waves or successive stages, typically associated with the movement and interaction of different speech communities

волновая модель, модель волн

the linguistic and anthropological proposition that suggests the structure of language shapes and influences our perception, thought processes, and cultural worldview

гипотеза Сапира-Уорфа, теория Сапира-Уорфа

a linguistic approach that compares and contrasts two or more languages or language varieties to identify similarities and differences in their structures, vocabulary, pronunciation, and other linguistic aspects

контрастивный анализ, сравнительный анализ

a linguistic framework that focuses on the interplay between lexical and syntactic structures in natural language

лексикально-функциональная грамматика, функциональная грамматика лексики

a linguistic framework within formal syntax that combines categorial grammar with combinatory logic to model the syntactic structure and compositionality of natural language sentences

комбинаторная категориальная грамматика, категориально-комбинаторная грамматика