Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Тест 1 - Чтение - Отрывок 2 (3)

to prevent something from moving or progressing

(of a business or organization) to function or work in a specific place or in a particular manner

increasing in amount, level, number, or intensity

to be obligated to do something because it is demanded by a law or rule

to gain something positive, advantageous, or beneficial from a situation or action

the fact or state of existing or being objectively real

a sudden surprise attack on a place or group, especially by an armed force

not subject to significant change or decline

a person who is completely controlled by another person, habit, desire, or influence

very necessary for a particular purpose or situation

the business of using the land to grow and take care of crops and livestock

the activity or industry of extracting minerals and other valuable materials from the earth

a mutual understanding or agreement established between people

to not interfere with or bother someone or something, and to allow them to be as they are

harvested seeds of cereal plants considered collectively as food or an agricultural commodity

someone whose right of belonging to a particular state is legally recognized either because they are born there or are naturalized

a specific opinion on something

the upper chamber of the United States Congress

to ask something from someone in an urgent and forceful manner

a person who is responsible for a crime or wrongdoing

at or to a more advanced point or stage

feeling more confident or courageous, often as a result of encouragement or support

to take someone away and hold them in captivity, typically to demand something for their release

widely known and important or influential

a person of importance in society due to high rank

an amount of money demanded or paid for the release of a person who is in captivity

used for emphasizing that a person or thing that is going to be mentioned will surprise the listener or reader

to remain functional beyond a certain period or expected lifespan

carried out jointly by multiple individuals or groups

to formally give something, often after careful consideration or approval, especially in a manner that acknowledges its significance or importance

very great in amount or number

to fight directly against an opponent or opposing force

someone or something that causes or is likely to cause danger or damage

only relating or belonging to one person

authority or control over people, resources, or operations

an area of a city or country with given official borders used for administrative purposes

to give something to a particular person or group as part of an organized distribution

to remove something harmful, unwanted, or immoral from a person, place, or system

a specific course of action that is performed in order to accomplish a certain objective

armed forces or soldiers, especially by large numbers

as a result of actions or treatment carried out by a particular person or group

to assign or establish a specific place or position for something

positioned near the sea or the ocean

to have or hold something within or include something as a part of a larger entity or space

a mention or citation of something, often to provide context or support for an idea

the refusal to accept or acknowledge something, especially when it is true or obvious

the state of being part of something or having a connection with it

a series of organized activities that are intended to achieve a particular goal

to complete or conduct a task, job, etc.

a short reference to someone or something, often made in speech or writing without giving many details

a ship or large boat used for traveling or carrying people or goods on water

a person or group that exercises administrative or controlling power over others

the resources or activities upon which an individual or household depends for their sustenance and survival

items made or produced for sale

to guess the value, number, quantity, size, etc. of something without exact calculation

the typical way a person thinks or feels about something or someone, often affecting their behavior and decisions

to think about someone or something in a specified way

a particular way of seeing or understanding something

easily perceived by the mind or senses

to provide something needed or wanted

a strong request or demand for something to happen, often expressed publicly

used to introduce an opposing statement

to cause something to occur

someone held prisoner by a person or group who will be set free if the demands of that person or group are met

a Latin phrase (or its abbreviation) used to indicate that special attention should be paid to something