Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 1 - Reading - Passage 2 (3)

to prevent something from moving or progressing

(of a business or organization) to function or work in a specific place or in a particular manner

increasing in degree, number, or height

to be obligated to do something because it is demanded by a law or rule

to gain something positive, advantageous, or beneficial from a situation or action

the fact or state of existing or being objectively real

a surprise attack against a place or a group of people

regular and constant for a long period of time

a person who is excessively or completely controlled by someone or something, often implying a lack of freedom or autonomy

very necessary for a particular purpose or situation

the business of using the land to grow and take care of crops and livestock

the process of extracting valuable minerals or other materials from the earth

a mutual understanding or agreement established between people

to not interfere with or bother someone or something, and to allow them to be as they are

small, hard seeds that are harvested from cereal plants and used as a food source

someone whose right of belonging to a particular state is legally recognized either because they are born there or are naturalized

a specific opinion on something

a legislative or governing body, usually the smaller and more influential chamber in a bicameral system, with the authority to create, revise, or approve laws and policies

to ask something from someone in an urgent and forceful manner

a person who is responsible for a crime or wrongdoing

at or to a more advanced point or stage

feeling more confident or courageous, often as a result of encouragement or support

to take someone away and hold them in captivity, typically to demand something for their release

well-known or easily recognizable due to importance, influence, or distinct features

a person of importance in society due to high rank

an amount of money demanded or paid for the release of a person who is in captivity

used for emphasizing that a person or thing that is going to be mentioned will surprise the listener or reader

to remain functional beyond a certain period or expected lifespan

carried out jointly by multiple individuals or groups

to formally give something, often after careful consideration or approval, especially in a manner that acknowledges its significance or importance

very great in amount or number

to fight or contend against someone or something, often in a physical or armed conflict

someone or something that causes or is likely to cause danger or damage

only relating or belonging to one person

the power to direct, control, or give orders to others

an area of a city or country with given official borders used for administrative purposes

to distribute or provide something to others

to remove something harmful, unwanted, or immoral from a person, place, or system

a specific course of action that is performed in order to accomplish a certain objective

armed forces or soldiers, especially by large numbers

as a result of actions or treatment carried out by a particular person or group

to assign or establish a specific place or position for something

positioned near the sea or the ocean

to have or hold something within or include something as a part of a larger entity or space

a mention or citation of something, often to provide context or support for an idea

the refusal to accept or acknowledge something, especially when it is true or obvious

the state of being part of something or having a connection with it

a series of organized activities that are intended to achieve a particular goal

to complete or conduct a task, job, etc.

a short reference to someone or something, often made in speech or writing without giving many details

any vehicle designed for travel across or through water

(usually plural) people with decision-making power over a specific area in a country

the resources or activities upon which an individual or household depends for their sustenance and survival

items made or produced for sale

to guess the value, number, quantity, size, etc. of something without exact calculation

the typical way a person thinks or feels about something or someone, often affecting their behavior and decisions

to think about someone or something in a specified way

a particular way of seeing or understanding something

easily perceived by the mind or senses

to provide something needed or wanted

a strong request or demand for something to happen, often expressed publicly

used to introduce an opposing statement

to cause something to occur

someone held prisoner by a person or group who will be set free if the demands of that person or group are met

a Latin phrase (or its abbreviation) used to indicate that special attention should be paid to something