Cambridge IELTS 19 - Académique - Test 1 - Lecture - Passage 2 (2)

to give up resistance or stop fighting against an enemy or opponent

used to introduce further information

the act of taking revenge or responding to an injury or wrongdoing with a similar action

provided or controlled by the government

to turn to or use something as a solution or means of help, especially as a last option

a period during which an open war is underway

to give work to someone and pay them

to be employed or work as a member of the military or armed forces

to make a person or thing ready for doing something

a sheltered area of water along the coast where ships, boats, and other vessels can anchor safely, typically protected from rough seas by natural or artificial barriers

as a response or exchange for something given or received

to increase or improve the progress, growth, or success of something

capable of being easily moved or directed

in a favorable or approving manner

a person from Portugal or of Portuguese descent

an item that provides lasting evidence or information about past events, actions, or conditions

specifically mentioned or identified by name

the period during which a monarch, leader, or government has control or authority over a country or territory

a short portion or segment taken from a larger work, such as a book, speech, or document

related to the work of keeping or creating friendly relationships between countries

written communication exchanged between people, typically through letters or emails

someone who helps or supports someone else in certain activities or against someone else

requiring immediate attention due to something's urgency or importance

to create problems for someone, resulting in hardship

separate and different in a way that is easily recognized

used to show that something happened or is true, even though there was a difficulty or obstacle that might have prevented it

significant in amount or degree

an action that causes a delay or interruption in the ongoing continuity of an activity or process

involving a particular region or geographic area

the act of buying and selling goods and services, particularly between countries

an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, known for its rich history, ancient ruins, and a mix of Greek and Turkish cultural influences

to refuse to accept a proposal, idea, person, etc.

a statement about the truth of something without offering any verification or proof

to situate or establish as a central location for operations, activities, or planning

of or belonging to the present time

to make someone feel confident or certain about someone or something

to cause someone suffering for breaking the law or having done something they should not have

a person who is under the rule or authority of a monarch, government, or leader

belonging or relating to Greece, its people, or its language

a specific historical, cultural, or social domain, often referring to a particular period or civilization

belonging or relating to Egypt, or its people

a person who controls or leads a country, territory, or group of people

a specific part or side of something that is worth considering

involvement in war, particularly using certain methods or weapons

in a way that arouses one's curiosity or attention

a painting, piece of music or book that is produced by a painter, musician, or writer

an ancient Greek epic poem by Homer that tells the story of the Trojan War

an ancient Greek epic poem telling the story of Odysseus' long and adventurous journey home after the Trojan War

to accept or forgive something that is commonly believed to be wrong

to express admiration or approval toward something or someone

coming immediately after a person or thing in time, place, or rank

someone who studies or records historical events

used to introduce an example of something mentioned

given an exaggerated or excessively favorable view, often elevating something to a higher status than it deserves

brave enough to take risks and do dangerous things

the normal and routine activities and experiences that happen each day to people

having a senior, important, or authoritative position within a particular hierarchy or organization

to take part in or become involved with something actively

in regard to what someone has said or written

a person who is skilled at public speaking, especially one who delivers speeches in a formal or persuasive manner

relating to Athens, its people, or its culture, especially in ancient Greece

a senior official whose job is living in a foreign country and representing their own country

a change or diversion from the planned path, often due to unexpected obstacles or circumstances

to seize or get control of something by force

abundance of money, property or valuable possessions

located or provided on a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle

related to or characteristic of a political ideology that emphasizes individual freedoms, equality, and government intervention for social welfare and economic opportunity

a way of doing something or dealing with a problem

to not oppose or prohibit something one does not like or agree with

to place limits or boundaries on something to reduce its scope or size