Cambridge IELTS 18 - Academic - Test 1 - Lecture - Passage 1 (2)

to damage the environment by releasing harmful chemicals or substances to the air, water, or land

to occur at a specific time or location

thriving or prospering that results in success and positive development

the practice of giving professional advice within a particular field

to answer questions or deal with requests

an act of asking questions to gather information, clarify doubts, or seek answers about a particular topic or issue

to provide a person, place, or thing with the equipment or supplies needed for a particular purpose

a category or type of something

situated toward or near the center of a place, area, or structure

a benefit or gain resulting from something

to apply a substance or process to something in order to protect it, preserve it, or give it special qualities

a type of chemical substance that is used for killing insects or small animals that damage food or crops

(of farming) using large amounts of labor, capital, or other resources to produce high yields from a limited area

a device that creates gas or vapor by converting energy from another source

any type of gas, particularly carbon dioxide, that contributes to global warming by trapping heat

made or kept cold by refrigeration

to wet or cover someone or something with a spray, fine stream, or drops of water

the ability or power to achieve something or develop into a certain state in the future

to resist or endure the force, pressure, or challenges imposed upon oneself

a plant that develops in a particular way

significant in amount or degree

someone who buys large quantities of goods and resells to merchants rather than to the ultimate customers

with no one or nothing else involved

to enhance the quality of something, particularly by adding something to it

a chemical element or inorganic compound that green plants absorb and incorporate into their organic molecules to support growth and metabolism

to force a liquid or gas to move in a particular direction by mechanical pressure or suction

a complete electrical circuit around which current flows or a signal circulates

in a manner that almost does not exist or occur

a plant that is grown for food over large areas of land

the ability of a person, organism or microorganism to withstand or defend against diseases, drugs, toxins, or environmental stress

a series of connected or interdependent items or events

to use up a supply, resource, or amount of something completely

with a soft or light touch, or with minimal force

to make a waste product usable again

highly typical and recognizable example of a common situation, behavior, or mistake

the total amount of something that is produced, as in agriculture or an industry

a remarkable, noteworthy, or outstanding development, person, or thing

to grow, develop, or become successful very rapidly

previously in use but is now abandoned, neglected, or no longer in operation

a large standardized metal container used for the transportation of goods by ship, truck, or train

an area where people can leave their cars or other vehicles for a period of time

having or showing high moral standards

to set a piece of equipment in place and make it ready for use

without being exact

to own, manage, or organize something such as a business, campaign, a group of animals, etc.

to use up a resource such as fuel, energy, time, or materials

a number expressed as one quantity divided by another, especially one written with a numerator and denominator

having a base

produced or grown without artificial fertilizers, pesticides, or other synthetic chemicals

fitting for a specific purpose, situation, or person

an edible root of red color with a pungent taste that is eaten raw in salads

used to show that something is the case and nothing more

the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property

used to introduce an opposing statement

a situation treated as an observable object

the amount of crops or produce gathered during a particular season

to represent a specific amount or portion of a whole

with everything considered

used to compare or to show contrast between two choices, decisions, etc.