Cambridge IELTS 18 - Academic - Test 4 - Läsning - Passage 2 (1)

in a way that connects or contrasts two simultaneous actions, events, or conditions

the first of two people, things, or groups previously mentioned

to accept something as a challenge

to reach an opinion or decision based on available evidence and one's understanding of the matter

to give special attention or importance to something

anything that blocks or slows progress

to apply or utilize a device, tool, or method for a specific purpose

to think about something or someone all the time, in a way that makes one unable to think about other things

happening continuously without stopping for a long time

to examine or study something in detail in order to explain or understand it

to position someone or something on a scale based on importance, quality, etc.

a notable feature or quality that defines or describes something

a state of disagreement between people's opinions, actions, or personalities, often resulting in tension

to clap one's hands as a sign of approval

to provide abstract or intangible things, such as punishments, compliments, judgments, advice, etc., to someone

a goal that someone tries to achieve

used to indicate exclusion of a particular thing or person

the process of putting a plan, decision, system, or policy into practical effect

cruel, unkind, or more severe toward someone than seems reasonable

a person who collects, analyzes, and interprets numerical data

to say that something is the case without providing proof for it

(statistics) one of the independent values in a calculation that may vary after all constraints have been applied

information or facts collected to be used for various purposes

to a very close amount or situation

the process of physical, mental, or emotional development

a set of attitudes, beliefs, or a mental disposition that influences how a person interprets and responds to situations

become settled or established and stable in one's residence or life style

the ability to correctly utilize thought and reason, learn from experience, or to successfully adapt to the environment

(of a quality or skill) gained from the moment that one was born

to replace something, especially by force or through competition

someone who originates or causes or initiates something

referring to mental processes involved in understanding, thinking, and remembering

the ability or power to do or achieve something

to have a specific opinion or belief about someone or something

a personal belief or judgment that is not based on proof or certainty

to measure or express something as a number or amount

favoring new ideas, methods, and change rather than traditional ones

a person with strong intellectual abilities, often working in a field that requires deep thought and knowledge

a general concept or belief

inseparable essential part or quality of someone or something that is in their nature

the events or situations that are predetermined or inevitable for a person, often believed to be controlled by a higher power

someone whose job is to teach people

to change and become stronger or more advanced

used to indicate that something is provided or accepted as a basis for a particular situation or argument

to a specific degree, particularly when compared to other similar things

encouraging or inspiring action or behavior

a large printed picture, notice, or advertisement displayed on a wall or other public surface

relating to, used in, or involving sports

to persuade someone to do something by being kind and gentle, especially when they may be unwilling

to regard someone or something in a specific way

something that serves to show, suggest, or point to a fact, condition, or situation

a specialist in the theory of education

to mention something to make it stand out

to develop something using certain facts, ideas, situations, etc.

an attempt to do something, particularly something demanding

to gradually establish an idea, feeling, etc. in someone's mind

as a result or logical outcome

to conduct an experiment or test again, often under the same conditions, in order to verify or confirm the results

in a manner that occurs multiple times

invalid or not legally recognized

to handle a difficult situation and deal with it successfully

an action, treatment, or manipulation that is introduced by researchers to test its effects on variables of interest

a detailed and careful consideration and examination

to do a particular thing or have the qualities needed for being punished or rewarded

a broad or comprehensive mental perspective or view

to strongly reject or oppose something

to not be understood, noticed, or appreciated by someone, even though it was intended to be