Естественные Науки SAT - Биохимия и клеточная структура

a substance found in the cell walls of plants, providing structure and making up dietary fiber

целлюлоза

a natural sugar found in fruits and honey, often used to sweeten foods and drinks

фруктоза

a basic kind of sugar that is a component of carbohydrates and provides energy for many living organisms

глюкоза

a short chain of amino acids linked together, which can function as a building block for proteins or act as a signaling molecule in the body

пептид

a type of pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for bright red, yellow, and orange colors and important for photosynthesis and antioxidant activity

каротиноид

a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself

фермент

the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time under defined conditions

протеом

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

нуклеотид

a simple sugar molecule, the most basic form of carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed

моносахарид

a fundamental compound derived from glutamic acid, integral to biological functions and known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

глутамат

a substance, such as vitamin E, that helps clean the body of harmful substances

антиоксидант

any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids

липид

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

органелла

relating to or characteristic of mitochondria, which are organelles found in cells responsible for energy production

митохондриальный

the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures

цитоплазма

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

хлорофилл

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

мембрана

a group of cells in the body of living things, forming their different parts

ткань

a type of tissue that lines the surfaces and cavities of organs and structures throughout the body, serving protective, absorptive, and secretory functions

эпителий

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

аппарат Гольджи

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

рибосома

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

лизосома

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

вакуоль

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

ядро

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

хлоропласт

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

цитоскелет

a branch of biology concerning the scientific study of the form and structure of an organism including plants and animals

морфология

(biology) taking place inside one cell or more

внутриклеточный

a layer of actively dividing cells in plants, responsible for secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem tissues

камбий