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Ciencias Naturales SAT - Bioquímica y estructura celular

Aquí aprenderás algunas palabras en inglés relacionadas con la bioquímica y la estructura celular, como "lípido", "enzima" y "tejido", que necesitarás para aprobar tus SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
cellulose
cellulose
[Sustantivo]

a substance found in the cell walls of plants, providing structure and making up dietary fiber

celulosa, fibra dietética

celulosa, fibra dietética

Ex: The vegetarian burger contains cellulose as a plant-based binding agent. 

La hamburguesa vegetariana contiene celulosa como agente aglutinante de origen vegetal.

fructose
fructose
[Sustantivo]

a natural sugar found in fruits and honey, often used to sweeten foods and drinks

fructosa, levulosa

fructosa, levulosa

Ex: It's commonly used as a sweetener in various foods and drinks. 

Se utiliza comúnmente como edulcorante en varios alimentos y bebidas.

glucose
glucose
[Sustantivo]

a basic kind of sugar that is a component of carbohydrates and provides energy for many living organisms

glucosa

glucosa

peptide
peptide
[Sustantivo]

a short chain of amino acids linked together, which can function as a building block for proteins or act as a signaling molecule in the body

péptido, cadena corta de aminoácidos

péptido, cadena corta de aminoácidos

Ex: The enzyme broke down the protein into smaller peptides for easier digestion. 

La enzima descompuso la proteína en péptidos más pequeños para una digestión más fácil.

carotenoid
carotenoid
[Sustantivo]

a type of pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for bright red, yellow, and orange colors and important for photosynthesis and antioxidant activity

carotenoide, pigmento carotenoide

carotenoide, pigmento carotenoide

Ex: The pink hue of flamingos' feathers comes from carotenoids in their diet of algae and crustaceans. 

El tono rosado de las plumas de los flamencos proviene de los carotenoides en su dieta de algas y crustáceos.

enzyme
enzyme
[Sustantivo]

a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself

enzima

enzima

Ex: Industrial processes often utilize enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions and improve efficiency. 
proteome
proteome
[Sustantivo]

the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time under defined conditions

proteoma, conjunto completo de proteínas

proteoma, conjunto completo de proteínas

Ex: The study compared the proteomes of healthy and diseased tissues to pinpoint differences in protein expression. 

El estudio comparó los proteomas de tejidos sanos y enfermos para identificar diferencias en la expresión de proteínas.

nucleotide
nucleotide
[Sustantivo]

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nucleótido

nucleótido

Ex: A chain of nucleotides in DNA or RNA is often referred to as a strand or sequence. 

Una cadena de nucleótidos en el ADN o ARN a menudo se denomina hebra o secuencia.

monosaccharide
monosaccharide
[Sustantivo]

a simple sugar molecule, the most basic form of carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed

monosacárido

monosacárido

Ex: Glucose, a common monosaccharide, fuels cellular respiration. 

La glucosa, un monosacárido común, impulsa la respiración celular.

glutamate
glutamate
[Sustantivo]

a fundamental compound derived from glutamic acid, integral to biological functions and known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

glutamato, un compuesto fundamental derivado del ácido glutámico

glutamato, un compuesto fundamental derivado del ácido glutámico

Ex: Neurons in the brain utilize glutamate as a neurotransmitter to transmit signals between cells. 

Las neuronas en el cerebro utilizan glutamato como neurotransmisor para transmitir señales entre células.

antioxidant
antioxidant
[Sustantivo]

a substance, such as vitamin E, that helps clean the body of harmful substances

antioxidante

antioxidante

Ex: The blueberries were rich in antioxidants, which helped protect the body against free radicals. 

Los arándanos eran ricos en antioxidantes, lo que ayudaba a proteger el cuerpo contra los radicales libres.

lipid
lipid
[Sustantivo]

any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids

lípido

lípido

organelle
organelle
[Sustantivo]

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

orgánulo, organelo

orgánulo, organelo

Ex: Golgi apparatus, an organelle with stacked membranes, modifies and packages proteins. 

El aparato de Golgi, un orgánulo con membranas apiladas, modifica y empaqueta proteínas.

mitochondrial
mitochondrial
[Adjetivo]

relating to or characteristic of mitochondria, which are organelles found in cells responsible for energy production

mitocondrial,  mitocondriaco

mitocondrial, mitocondriaco

Ex: Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to various health issues, including neurological disorders and muscle weakness. 

La disfunción mitocondrial puede llevar a varios problemas de salud, incluyendo trastornos neurológicos y debilidad muscular.

cytoplasm
cytoplasm
[Sustantivo]

the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures

citoplasma, sustancia citoplasmática

citoplasma, sustancia citoplasmática

Ex: Cellular metabolism, including biochemical reactions, takes place in the cytoplasm. 

El metabolismo celular, incluidas las reacciones bioquímicas, tiene lugar en el citoplasma.

chlorophyll
chlorophyll
[Sustantivo]

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

clorofila

clorofila

Ex: During autumn, chlorophyll breaks down in deciduous plants, revealing other pigments and causing leaves to change color. 

Durante el otoño, la clorofila se descompone en las plantas caducifolias, revelando otros pigmentos y haciendo que las hojas cambien de color.

membrane
membrane
[Sustantivo]

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

membrana

membrana

Ex: The outer membrane of the bacteria helps to safeguard its contents. 

La membrana externa de la bacteria ayuda a salvaguardar su contenido.

tissue
tissue
[Sustantivo]

a group of cells in the body of living things, forming their different parts

tejido

tejido

Ex: Plant tissue culture techniques are used in agriculture to propagate disease-resistant crops. 

Las técnicas de cultivo de tejido vegetal se utilizan en la agricultura para propagar cultivos resistentes a enfermedades.

Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
[Sustantivo]

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

Aparato de Golgi, Complejo de Golgi

Aparato de Golgi, Complejo de Golgi

Ex: In nerve cells, the Golgi apparatus contributes to the formation of myelin, a fatty substance protecting nerve fibers. 

En las células nerviosas, el aparato de Golgi contribuye a la formación de mielina, una sustancia grasa que protege las fibras nerviosas.

ribosome
ribosome
[Sustantivo]

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

ribosoma

ribosoma

Ex: The coordinated movement of ribosomes along mRNA ensures the accurate reading of genetic information. 

El movimiento coordinado de los ribosomas a lo largo del ARNm garantiza la lectura precisa de la información genética.

lysosome
lysosome
[Sustantivo]

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

lisosoma, vesícula enzimática

lisosoma, vesícula enzimática

Ex: Lysosomes play a vital role in cellular housekeeping by degrading damaged or malfunctioning cellular components. 

Los lisosomas desempeñan un papel vital en el mantenimiento celular al degradar componentes celulares dañados o que funcionan mal.

vacuole
vacuole
[Sustantivo]

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

vacuola, vesícula

vacuola, vesícula

Ex: Vacuoles in yeast cells store nutrients, aiding in survival during nutrient scarcity. 

Las vacuolas en las células de levadura almacenan nutrientes, ayudando en la supervivencia durante la escasez de nutrientes.

nucleus
nucleus
[Sustantivo]

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

núcleo

núcleo

Ex: Within the nucleus, there is a dense region called the nucleolus, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and assembled into ribosomes. 

Dentro del núcleo, hay una región densa llamada nucléolo, donde el ARN ribosomal (ARNr) se sintetiza y se ensambla en ribosomas.

chloroplast
chloroplast
[Sustantivo]

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

cloroplasto, orgánulo fotosintético

cloroplasto, orgánulo fotosintético

Ex: In addition to chlorophyll, chloroplasts house other pigments that aid in capturing different wavelengths of light during photosynthesis. 

Además de la clorofila, los cloroplastos albergan otros pigmentos que ayudan a capturar diferentes longitudes de onda de la luz durante la fotosíntesis.

cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton
[Sustantivo]

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

citoesqueleto, esqueleto celular

citoesqueleto, esqueleto celular

Ex: The cytoskeleton is involved in intracellular transport, guiding vesicles and organelles to their destinations. 

El citoesqueleto está involucrado en el transporte intracelular, guiando vesículas y orgánulos a sus destinos.

morphology
morphology
[Sustantivo]

a branch of biology concerning the scientific study of the form and structure of an organism including plants and animals

morfología

morfología

intracellular
intracellular
[Adjetivo]

(biology) taking place inside one cell or more

intracelular

intracelular

cambium
cambium
[Sustantivo]

a layer of actively dividing cells in plants, responsible for secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem tissues

cambium, cámbium

cambium, cámbium

Ex: Cambium cells differentiate into xylem for water transport and phloem for nutrient transport throughout the plant. 

Las células del cámbium se diferencian en xilema para el transporte de agua y floema para el transporte de nutrientes en toda la planta.

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