自然科学SAT - 生物化学和细胞结构

a substance found in the cell walls of plants, providing structure and making up dietary fiber

纤维素

a natural sugar found in fruits and honey, often used to sweeten foods and drinks

果糖, 天然糖

a basic kind of sugar that is a component of carbohydrates and provides energy for many living organisms

葡萄糖

a short chain of amino acids linked together, which can function as a building block for proteins or act as a signaling molecule in the body

肽

a type of pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for bright red, yellow, and orange colors and important for photosynthesis and antioxidant activity

类胡萝卜素, 胡萝卜素

a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself

酶, 催化剂

the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time under defined conditions

蛋白质组

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

核苷酸

a simple sugar molecule, the most basic form of carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed

单糖

a fundamental compound derived from glutamic acid, integral to biological functions and known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

谷氨酸盐, 谷氨酸钠

a substance, such as vitamin E, that helps clean the body of harmful substances

抗氧化剂, 抗氧化物质

any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids

脂类, 脂质

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

细胞器

relating to or characteristic of mitochondria, which are organelles found in cells responsible for energy production

线粒体的, 与线粒体相关的

the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures

细胞质, 细胞质

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

叶绿素

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

膜

a group of cells in the body of living things, forming their different parts

组织, 肌肉组织

a type of tissue that lines the surfaces and cavities of organs and structures throughout the body, serving protective, absorptive, and secretory functions

上皮

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

高尔基体, 高尔基装置

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

核糖体

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

溶酶体

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

液泡

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

细胞核

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

叶绿体

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

细胞骨架

a branch of biology concerning the scientific study of the form and structure of an organism including plants and animals

形态学, 形态

(biology) taking place inside one cell or more

细胞内的

a layer of actively dividing cells in plants, responsible for secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem tissues

形成层, 维管束 cambium