ケンブリッジIELTS 18 - アカデミック - テスト3 - リーディング - パッセージ2 (1)

to give someone or something a different name, often to show affection or emphasize a particular trait

to be without or to not have enough of something that is needed or desirable

the state of being helpful or useful for a specific situation

to lead or attract someone toward a specific place, situation, or course of action, often by exerting an appealing force or influence

a particular type of business or industry that deals with buying and selling goods or services

indicating a large number of something

surpassing others in terms of overall goodness or excellence

to generate the power necessary to make a machine work

a solid, round part that moves back and forth inside a hollow tube in an engine or machine, helping to push or pull gases or liquids, or to turn pressure into movement

very similar to the actual thing in almost every way

showing a difference when compared to something else

to release gases or odors into the air

any property detected by the olfactory system

a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes

in a way that is remarkable or notable, often causing a sense of admiration or awe

occurring or moving with great speed

to make a vehicle, machine or object move more quickly

an impressive or remarkable achievement or accomplishment, often requiring great skill or strength

the rate at which a vehicle increases its speed over a specific distance or time

coming immediately after a person or thing in time, place, or rank

a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about

the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation

to form a judgment on the quality, worth, nature, ability or importance of something, someone, or a situation

a defining or distinctive feature of something

to transfer knowledge, traditions, or skills to another person or group, often to ensure they are preserved or continued

of the kind or quality used in commerce; average or inferior

a request for a specific item or service to be provided

actions or information that are meant to gain the support or attention of the public

a vehicle powered by a steam engine, typically fueled by burning combustible material

to begin to exist or become noticeable

basic and simple, lacking modern features or advancements

to develop something using certain facts, ideas, situations, etc.

a system or network of tracks with the trains, organization, and people needed to operate them

to develop from a simple form to a more complex or sophisticated one over an extended period

made smaller in size or scale, often while retaining essential features or functions

to receive or be left with a situation, object, or condition from a predecessor or former owner

a closed vessel in which water is heated to create steam or hot water, used for heating buildings, producing electricity, or powering machines

to set something on fire

to make something more powerful, intense, or larger in quantity

used to introduce additional information

a large container or storage tank used for collecting and holding water or other fluids

the process of refilling or restoring something to its original level or condition

a flaw or weakness that reduces the quality or effectiveness of something or someone

done or made or performed with purpose and intent

moved forward by its own force or momentum

a railcar where passengers ride

to convey or move people or items back and forth between locations

someone whose right of belonging to a particular state is legally recognized either because they are born there or are naturalized

a type of motor that burns fuel inside cylinders to generate power for vehicles or machinery

a liquid used by cars, trucks, etc. as a fuel

to manage or control the working of a machine, process, or system to ensure it performs its intended function

(of a vehicle or its engine) to experience an explosion in the engine or exhaust system due to improper timing, causing a loud noise or malfunction

in small amounts over a long period of time

to gradually stop using, producing, or providing something

to reduce in amount, size, intensity, etc.

to revive or renew something, such as a relationship or interest, that has faded

to be made up of various components or parts within a whole

destroyed in an accident

to cause engines or machines to operate, function, or perform their designated tasks

an early or preliminary model of something from which other forms are developed or copied

to have something in mind as a plan or purpose

a time in the past when someone or something was at its best, most successful, or most admired

a handle that is turned by hand to operate a machine or device

an electric motor for starting an engine

to set up a system, device, software, or components in a specific way to achieve a desired functionality

a loud and repeated banging or rattling sound made when hard objects hit or move against each other