ケンブリッジIELTS 17 - アカデミック - テスト4 - リーディング - パッセージ2 (1)

to provide the energy or inspiration needed to drive or enhance a specific activity or process

to create something, like a list or book, by gathering information from different places

a branch within a university or college, responsible for teaching and research in a specific subject area or field of study

an item that provides lasting evidence or information about past events, actions, or conditions

a book or digital record that contains financial transactions and balances, organized by accounts

an area with a church of its own that is under the care of a priest

a formal record or log where specific information, such as names, dates, or transactions, is systematically recorded

a periodic count of the population

a sum of money that has to be paid, based on one's income, to the government so it can provide people with different kinds of public services

a detailed list or record of all the items or goods in stock or on hand within a particular location, organization, or system

(usually plural) anything that a person has or owns at a specific time

a place or a collection of records or documents of historical importance

a problem or question that is confusing and needs a lot of skill or effort to solve or answer

to confuse someone, often by presenting something mysterious or difficult to understand

a professional who studies and analyzes economic theories, trends, and data to provide insights into economic issues

related to the relationship between two things in which one is the cause of the other

a relationship or connection between two or more things or people

in a manner that results in significant efficiency or accomplishment

extremely important or necessary

the capability to read and write

the number of times something changes or happens during a specific period of time

develop industry; become industrial

average in quality and not meeting the standards of excellence

to move forward or make progress with difficulty

to examine or study something in detail in order to explain or understand it

a person's possessions, such as clothes or other items they own

a nocturnal animal belonging to the weasel family with short legs and gray fur

a machine used to sew fabric and other materials together with thread

having a bright red color

a corset worn to shape and support the torso

characteristic of or devoted to the temporal world as opposed to the spiritual world

items made or produced for sale

a practice requiring experience and skill, in which objects are made with one's hands

to make information that was previously unknown or kept in secrecy publicly known

a smooth, flat, fine-grained rock or a similar material used for writing on with chalk

a valuable resource or quality owned by an individual, organization, or entity, typically with economic value and the potential to provide future benefits

an amount of money or a favor that is owed

a person's name written in a specific and unique way, often for the purpose of authentication or verification

a judgment or calculation of the size, extent, value, etc. of something without knowing the exact details or numbers

to show, point out, or suggest the existence, presence, or nature of something

the ability to understand and work with numbers effectively in various contexts

an intangible difficulty or challenge that must be overcome

an association of people who work in the same industry or have similar goals or interests

to suppress, restrain, or hinder the growth, development, or intensity of something

a type of printing machine that uses a flat metal plate with a design etched into it to transfer ink to paper

the process or action of joining a school, course, etc.

something that is used to measure a particular condition or value

persevering determination to perform a task

an organization of people who have a common purpose

a skilled craftsperson who creates objects partly or entirely by hand

someone who buys and sells goods wholesale

to observe an activity in order to ensure that everything is done properly

the act of applying or implementing an idea, theory, or plan into real-world actions or activities

relating to the population of a particular group, area, or society

the process of reorganizing or repairing a system or structure

someone who shares the same blood with a specific person who lived many years ago

to develop or progress in a way that shows promise or potential

to severely criticize, often with the intention of correcting someone's behavior or actions

a moral or religious speech, usually given during a church service

an example of a certain kind of situation

involving two or more different groups, areas, or types that are working together, connected, or influencing each other

someone who spins (who twists fibers into threads)