Cambridge IELTS 17 - Academic - Testul 4 - Lectură - Pasajul 2 (1)

to provide the energy or inspiration needed to drive or enhance a specific activity or process

to produce a book, list, report, or similar work by bringing together material from different sources

a group of related departments within a university specializing in a particular subject or field

an item that provides lasting evidence or information about past events, actions, or conditions

a book or digital record that contains financial transactions and balances, organized by accounts

an area with a church of its own that is under the care of a priest

a formal record or log where specific information, such as names, dates, or transactions, is systematically recorded

an official count of a population, usually including the collection of information about its members

a sum of money that has to be paid, based on one's income, to the government so it can provide people with different kinds of public services

a detailed list or record of all the items or goods in stock or on hand within a particular location, organization, or system

(usually plural) anything that a person has or owns at a specific time

a collection of records or documents preserved for their historical value, or the place where such materials are kept

a problem or question that is confusing and needs a lot of skill or effort to solve or answer

to confuse someone, often by presenting something mysterious or difficult to understand

a person who studies economics or has expert knowledge of how economies work

related to the relationship between two things in which one is the cause of the other

a relationship or connection between two or more things or people

in a manner that results in significant efficiency or accomplishment

extremely important or necessary

the capability to read and write

the number of times something changes or happens during a specific period of time

develop industry; become industrial

substandard or below average

to move forward or make progress with difficulty

to examine or study something in detail in order to explain or understand it

a person's possessions, such as clothes or other items they own

a nocturnal animal belonging to the weasel family with short legs and gray fur

a machine used to sew fabric and other materials together with thread

having a bright red color

a corset worn to shape and support the torso

characteristic of or devoted to the temporal world as opposed to the spiritual world

items made or produced for sale

an activity, occupation, or trade that requires skill and experience, especially in making things by hand

to make information that was previously unknown or kept in secrecy publicly known

a smooth, flat, fine-grained rock or a similar material used for writing on with chalk

a valuable resource or quality owned by an individual, organization, or entity, typically with economic value and the potential to provide future benefits

an amount of money or a favor that is owed

a person's name written in their characteristic way, especially to authorize or confirm something

a judgment or calculation of the size, extent, value, etc. of something without knowing the exact details or numbers

to show, point out, or suggest the existence, presence, or nature of something

the ability to understand and work with numbers effectively in various contexts

a difficulty or circumstance that prevents or delays progress or success

an association of people who work in the same industry or have similar goals or interests

to suppress, restrain, or hinder the growth, development, or intensity of something

a type of printing machine that uses a flat metal plate with a design etched into it to transfer ink to paper

the process or action of joining a school, course, etc.

something, especially a measurement or value, that shows the condition, level, or trend of something

persevering determination to perform a task

an organization of people who have a common purpose

a skilled craftsperson who creates objects partly or entirely by hand

a person or business that buys and sells goods, especially in large quantities, for profit

to observe an activity in order to ensure that everything is done properly

the act of applying or implementing an idea, theory, or plan into real-world actions or activities

relating to the population of a particular group, area, or society

the process of extensively reorganizing a system, organization, or structure

a person descended from a particular ancestor

to develop or progress in a way that shows promise or potential

to severely criticize, often with the intention of correcting someone's behavior or actions

a moral or religious speech, usually given during a church service

an example of a certain kind of situation

involving two or more different groups, areas, or types that are working together, connected, or influencing each other

someone who spins (who twists fibers into threads)