ケンブリッジIELTS 15 - アカデミック - テスト3 - リスニング - パート4

diligence in keeping clean

relating or belonging to the time before history was recorded

acting like an antiseptic

to clean something quickly with water, often without using soap, in order to remove dirt or other substances

marking the years before Christ's supposed birth

(geometry) a solid or hollow shape with two circular bases at each end and straight parallel sides

words, letters, or symbols that are engraved, carved, or written on a surface, often for commemorative, informational, or decorative purposes

a grey powder that is produced as a result of a substance getting burned

a mention or citation of something, often to provide context or support for an idea

to wash or clean the body by putting it in water or pouring water over it

relating to the enjoyment or appreciation of beauty or art, especially visual art

used to convey that something seems to be true based on the available evidence or information

a large solid piece of material that is square or rectangular in shape and has flat sides

a volcanic stone that is used to rub and polish the skin in order to make it clean and smooth

to apply oil, ointment, or a similar substance in a religious or ceremonial act

to remove a thin layer or small amount of something from a surface using a sharp or rough edge

a device or tool that requires specific knowledge on how to be used

a small and narrow river that runs on or under the earth

to acknowledge someone as the source, agent, or possessor of an action, achievement, or quality

to color someone's hair using a chemical

an old story that is sometimes considered historical although it is not usually proved to be true

to kill an animal or person as a religious act

a layer of matter that has been accumulated, particularly by a body of water

the black or brownish substance consisted of organic remains, rock particles, and clay that forms the upper layer of earth where trees or other plants grow

a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

to move towards a goal or desired outcome

a channel or pipeline used to transport water over a long distance, usually from a remote source to a town or city

extremely comfortable, elegant, and often made with high-quality materials or features

used to refer to a date that is after the birth of Jesus Christ

having properties or qualities suitable for treating or curing illnesses or promoting health

any substance that is dirty, disgusting, or unpleasant

not sanitary or healthful

the unexpected start of something terrible, such as a disease

an era in European history, between about AD 1000 and AD 1500, when the authority of kings, people of high rank, and the Christian Church was unquestionable

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

widely acknowledged as valid or customary

a practice requiring experience and skill, in which objects are made with one's hands

washing clothes and bed linens

a scientist who studies chemistry

to officially grant legal rights for an invention, innovation, or process

a sodium salt of carbonic acid; used in making soap powders and glass and paper

any substance with a pH of more than seven that neutralizes acids creating salt and water

a sweet syrupy trihydroxy alcohol obtained by saponification of fats and oils

a type of acid that is found in nuts, fish, some fruits, etc.

a consistent method, system, or way of doing something

to produce products in large quantities by using machinery

to think of someone or something in a particular way

to impose a financial charge by the government on income, goods, services, or properties to generate revenue for public services and functions

with little difficulty or trouble

a thing that is essential or required for basic living or functioning

to enhance or make something more effective by providing additional resources, encouragement, or positive feedback

having a gentle or not very strong effect

the period from about ten years before to ten years after a new century

the act of digging