to be around something on all sides

otaczać, okrążać
to trace the existence or origin of something to a specific point in time

sięgać, cofać się
a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

cywilizacja, społeczeństwo
an area of scenery visible in a single view

krajobraz, panorama
including or consisting of many different types

różnorodny, zróżnicowany
to be or remain in a specific state or position

pozostawać, przebywać
to bring something into a state of stability or harmony

równoważyć, harmonizować
a situation that allows one to have two different advantages at the same time

najlepsze z obu światów, dwie korzyści naraz
a collection of countries governed by a single authority

imperium, imperium
something that has been successfully done, particularly through hard work

osiągnięcie, dokonanie
to cover a significant distance or expanse

rozciągać się, ciągnąć się
to increase the size, number, importance, or value of something

rozszerzać, powiększać
a long and artificial passage built and filled with water for ships to travel along or used to transfer water to other places

kanał, droga wodna
a large building that is the official home of a powerful or very important person such as a king, queen, pope, etc.

pałac, zamek
to experience or endure a process, change, or event

przechodzić, znosić
a country ruled by a king or queen whose powers are limited by law and elected officials hold most authority

monarchia konstytucyjna, ustroj monarchii konstytucyjnej
the act of finding something for the first time and before others

odkrycie, znalezisko
the sphere of international politics, culture, or public attention where countries and major figures interact
the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

konstytucja
to update or improve something

modernizować, aktualizować
the physical and organizational assets, such as roads, bridges, utilities, and public services, that support economic activity and daily life

infrastruktura, infrastruktury
to forcefully remove a person of authority or power from their position

obalić, zdetronizować
the act or process of creating, founding, or bringing something into existence

założenie, utworzenie
the action or process of causing significant damage to something, rendering it unable to exist or continue in its normal state

zniszczenie, dewastacja
involving a particular region or geographic area

regionalny, lokalny
a type of writing that uses special language, rhythm, and imagery to express emotions and ideas

poezja
in a way that surpasses or extends past a particular limit, point, or stage

poza, dalej niż
a feeling of much respect for and approval of someone or something

podziw, szacunek
to hold dear and deeply appreciate something or someone

cenić, szanować
related to Iran, its language, or people

perski, irański
to be subjected to or experience a particular reaction or feedback from others

otrzymywać, uzyskiwać
a method or style of cooking that is specific to a country or region

kuchnia
food made with pieces of meat and vegetables roasted or grilled on fire, typically on a skewer

kebab, szaszłyk
a dish of vegetables or meat cooked at a low temperature in liquid in a closed container

gulasz, duszone mięso
a plant with seeds, leaves, or flowers used for cooking or medicine, such as mint and parsley

zioło, roślina aromatyczna
a small, solid sugar cube used for sweetening beverages

kostka cukru, słodka kostka
to like being with someone and find their presence pleasant or enjoyable
the presence of a variety of distinct characteristics within a group

różnorodność
(of vegetation) growing densely and looking strong and healthy

bujny, lśniący
(of land or soil) able to produce crops or plants well

żyzny
to get out of or avoid an unpleasant situation

uciekać, uniknąć
offering exceptional comfort, high quality, and indulgence

luksusowy, ekskluzywny
to relax and stop worrying after being under stress

odprężyć się, zrelaksować się
used to introduce a contrasting aspect of a situation, especially when comparing it to a previous point

z drugiej strony, natomiast
a tropical tree or shrub bearing fruit that germinates while still on the tree and having numerous prop roots that eventually form an impenetrable mass and are important in land building

namorzyn, mangrowiec
all wild animals, considered as a whole, living in the natural environment

dzika przyroda, fauna
the pointed top of a mountain

szczyt, wierzchołek
a mountain with an opening on its top, from which melted rock and ash can be pushed out into the air

wulkan, góra wulkaniczna
to possess or exhibit a specific vertical height

mierzyć, posiadać
to accept something as a challenge

przyjmować, podejmować
a marketplace, often outdoors, where goods and sometimes services are exchanged or sold

bazar, targ
a practice requiring experience and skill, in which objects are made with one's hands

rzemiosło, sztuka rękodzielnicza
an area of stores or a group of stores built together in one area

centrum handlowe, galeria handlowa
describing two or more things that are positioned next to each other

obok siebie, sąsiadujące
a large family group consisting of parents and children that might also include grandparents, aunts, or uncles

rodzina rozszerzona, wielka rodzina
to regard highly and consider something as important, beneficial, or worthy of appreciation

doceniać, cenić
an impressive or remarkable achievement or accomplishment, often requiring great skill or strength

wyczyn, znaczne osiągnięcie
able to be trusted to perform consistently well and meet expectations

niezawodny, godny zaufania
| Słownictwo Bliskiego Wschodu | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Iran | Arabia Saudyjska | Liban | Syria |
| Irak | Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie | Jordania | Jemen |
| Oman | |||
