Perfect Participles

Perfect participles are used to express actions or states that have just finished. They indicate that one action or event happened before another. Take a look at some examples:

To make a perfect participle, all you have to do is to use the present participle form of the verb 'have' followed by the past participle of the main verb. So, the perfect participle is made of present and past participles. For example:

Perfect participles are followed by another clause that expresses the result or action by using a verb in the past tense. Here are a few examples:

Perfect participles can be placed after the subject of the clause and modify the subject. Check out these examples to learn more about them:

Beside their structure and formation, perfect participles and present participles are used in different situations as well. We only use perfect participles when there is an action that has happened before another particular action in the main clause.
If the time of the earlier action is short or it nearly happens at the same time as the second action then we do not use perfect participles instead, we usually use present participle. For example:

To make a negative perfect participle, all you have to do is to add the adverb 'not' to the beginning of the perfect participle. Check out these examples for more clarification:

The past perfect in passive voice can also be used instead of a since-clause. Check out the example to help you learn them:

The structure of a passive perfect participle is: having + been + past participle. This formation is used when somebody else finished the earlier action. Here are the examples:

Perfect participle is a combination of the verb 'have' and the 'main verb'. The structure is as follows: