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فهرست واژگان سطح C2 - Biology

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شروع یادگیری
CEFR C2 Vocabulary
ribosome
[اسم]

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

ریبوزوم

ریبوزوم

Ex: The process of translation , where genetic instructions in mRNA are converted into proteins , occurs ribosomes.
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a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

دستگاه گلژی

دستگاه گلژی

Ex: Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of vesicles that transport materials within the cell or to the cell membrane .
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lysosome
[اسم]

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

لیزوزوم

لیزوزوم

Ex: During apoptosis (programmed cell death), lysosomes release enzymes that contribute to the breakdown of cellular components.
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an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

میتوکندری

میتوکندری

Ex: Mitochondria contain their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA, which is essential for their function and replication.
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chloroplast
[اسم]

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

کلروپلاست

کلروپلاست

Ex: The unique DNA chloroplasts supports the idea that they originated from ancient symbiotic bacteria that formed a mutually beneficial relationship with plant ancestors .
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nucleotide
[اسم]

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

نوکلئوتید

نوکلئوتید

Ex: Mutations can occur when the sequence nucleotides in DNA is altered .
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polypeptide
[اسم]

a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein

رشته‌ای از اسیدهای آمینه که به هم متصل شدند

رشته‌ای از اسیدهای آمینه که به هم متصل شدند

Ex: Collagen , providing structural support to tissues like skin and tendons , is a polypeptide.
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organelle
[اسم]

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

اندامک

اندامک

Ex: Vacuoles , organelles, hold nutrients , waste products , or pigments in plant cells .
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vacuole
[اسم]

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

واکوئل

واکوئل

Ex: The size and contents vacuoles can change dynamically in response to cellular needs and environmental conditions .
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centriole
[اسم]

a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle

سانتریول

سانتریول

Ex: Abnormalities centriole structure or function can lead to cell division and developmental issues .
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histone
[اسم]

a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin

هیستون

هیستون

Ex: Changes histone structure can influence the three-dimensional organization of the genome .
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telomere
[اسم]

a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development

تلومر

تلومر

Ex: telomere's repetitive sequence , TTAGGG in humans , prevents the loss of essential genetic information with each round of cell division .
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phenotype
[اسم]

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

رُخ‌نمود, فنوتیپ

رُخ‌نمود, فنوتیپ

Ex: Inherited traits , such as freckles or dimples , contribute to an individualphenotype.
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homeostasis
[اسم]

the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

هموستاز

هموستاز

Ex: The release of hormones like adrenaline during stress is part of the body 's response to homeostasis in challenging situations .
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translation
[اسم]

the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein

ترجمه (زیست‌شناسی)

ترجمه (زیست‌شناسی)

Ex: Various enzymes and initiation factors are involved in the regulation and control translation.
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the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

رونویسی (زیست‌شناسی)

رونویسی (زیست‌شناسی)

Ex: The template ( antisense ) strand of DNA serves as a guide for RNA synthesis transcription.
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replication
[اسم]

the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division

همانندسازی دی‌ان‌ای

همانندسازی دی‌ان‌ای

Ex: Errors during replication are corrected by proofreading mechanisms to maintain genetic fidelity .
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codon
[اسم]

a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process

کد ژنتیکی

کد ژنتیکی

Ex: UGA , UAA , and UAG are codons, signaling the end of protein synthesis .
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symbiosis
[اسم]

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

هم‌زیستی, زندگی تعاونی

هم‌زیستی, زندگی تعاونی

Ex: The coral reefs showcase a remarkable example symbiosis, where corals and algae live together , with corals providing shelter and nutrients while algae provide food through photosynthesis .
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ameba
[اسم]

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

آمیب, موجودات تک‌سلولی

آمیب, موجودات تک‌سلولی

Ex: Amebas play a role in nutrient cycling by consuming bacteria and organic matter in their habitats.
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prokaryote
[اسم]

a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea

پروکاریوت

پروکاریوت

Ex: Many diseases , like strep throat , are caused by prokaryotes.
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chlorophyll
[اسم]

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

کلروفیل

کلروفیل

Ex: Algae and cyanobacteria also chlorophyll, allowing them to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis .
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capsid
[اسم]

the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection

کپسید

کپسید

Ex: Understanding the structure and function of capsids is essential for developing antiviral strategies and vaccines .
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eukaryote
[اسم]

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

یوکاریوت

یوکاریوت

Ex: Seaweeds, with their diverse forms, are eukaryotic algae found in marine ecosystems.
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ovum
[اسم]

a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote

تخمک

تخمک

Ex: Scientists study ovum to better understand reproductive biology and improve fertility treatments .
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pepsin
[اسم]

an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides

پپسین

پپسین

Ex: Excessive production pepsin can contribute to conditions such as gastritis and peptic ulcers .
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a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

آدنوزین تری‌فسفات

آدنوزین تری‌فسفات

Ex: Adenosine triphosphate is a transient molecule , continuously being generated and used within cells .
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cytoskeleton
[اسم]

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

اسکلت سلولی

اسکلت سلولی

Ex: cytoskeleton is crucial for maintaining cell polarity , ensuring proper organization and function .
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