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Listahan ng mga Salita sa Antas C2 - Biology

Dito mo matututunan ang lahat ng mahahalagang salita para sa pag-uusap tungkol sa Biology, na tinipon partikular para sa mga mag-aaral ng antas C2.

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CEFR C2 Vocabulary
ribosome
[Pangngalan]

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

ribosome

ribosome

Ex: The process of translation , where genetic instructions in mRNA are converted into proteins , occurs on ribosomes.Ang proseso ng pagsasalin, kung saan ang mga genetic instruction sa mRNA ay na-convert sa mga protina, ay nangyayari sa mga **ribosome**.
Golgi apparatus
[Pangngalan]

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

Aparatong Golgi, Komplexong Golgi

Aparatong Golgi, Komplexong Golgi

Ex: The Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of vesicles that transport materials within the cell or to the cell membrane .Ang **Golgi apparatus** ay kasangkot sa pagbuo ng mga vesicle na nagdadala ng mga materyal sa loob ng cell o sa cell membrane.
lysosome
[Pangngalan]

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

lysosome, maliit na sako na puno ng enzyme

lysosome, maliit na sako na puno ng enzyme

Ex: During apoptosis (programmed cell death), lysosomes release enzymes that contribute to the breakdown of cellular components.Sa panahon ng apoptosis (programmed cell death), ang mga **lysosome** ay naglalabas ng mga enzyme na nag-aambag sa pagkasira ng mga cellular component.
mitochondrion
[Pangngalan]

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitokondriya, organelong mitokondriyal

mitokondriya, organelong mitokondriyal

Ex: Mitochondria contain their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA, which is essential for their function and replication.Ang **mitochondrion** ay naglalaman ng sarili nitong DNA, hiwalay sa nuclear DNA, na mahalaga para sa kanilang function at replication.
chloroplast
[Pangngalan]

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

kloroplast, organel ng potosintesis

kloroplast, organel ng potosintesis

Ex: The unique DNA within chloroplasts supports the idea that they originated from ancient symbiotic bacteria that formed a mutually beneficial relationship with plant ancestors .Ang natatanging DNA sa loob ng **chloroplast** ay sumusuporta sa ideya na nagmula sila sa sinaunang symbiotic bacteria na bumuo ng isang mutually beneficial na relasyon sa mga ninuno ng halaman.
nucleotide
[Pangngalan]

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nucleotide

nucleotide

Ex: Mutations can occur when the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is altered .Maaaring maganap ang mga mutasyon kapag nabago ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng **nucleotide** sa DNA.
polypeptide
[Pangngalan]

a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein

polypeptide, kadena ng polypeptide

polypeptide, kadena ng polypeptide

Ex: Collagen , providing structural support to tissues like skin and tendons , is a fibrous polypeptide.Ang collagen, na nagbibigay ng istruktural na suporta sa mga tisyu tulad ng balat at litid, ay isang fibrous **polypeptide**.
organelle
[Pangngalan]

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

organelo, bahagi ng selula

organelo, bahagi ng selula

Ex: Vacuoles , storage organelles, hold nutrients , waste products , or pigments in plant cells .Ang mga vacuole, mga **organelle** na tagapag-imbak, ay naglalaman ng mga nutrisyon, basura, o pigment sa mga selula ng halaman.
vacuole
[Pangngalan]

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

bakuola, maliliit na sisidlan

bakuola, maliliit na sisidlan

Ex: The size and contents of vacuoles can change dynamically in response to cellular needs and environmental conditions .Ang laki at nilalaman ng **vacuoles** ay maaaring magbago nang dinamiko bilang tugon sa mga pangangailangan ng cellular at mga kondisyon sa kapaligiran.
centriole
[Pangngalan]

a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle

sentriyol, pares ng sentriyol

sentriyol, pares ng sentriyol

Ex: Abnormalities in centriole structure or function can lead to cell division and developmental issues .Ang mga abnormalidad sa istruktura o function ng **centriole** ay maaaring humantong sa mga isyu sa cell division at development.
histone
[Pangngalan]

a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin

histone, protinang histone

histone, protinang histone

Ex: Changes in histone structure can influence the three-dimensional organization of the genome .Ang mga pagbabago sa istruktura ng **histone** ay maaaring makaapekto sa tatlong-dimensional na organisasyon ng genome.
telomere
[Pangngalan]

a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development

telomere, dulo ng kromosoma

telomere, dulo ng kromosoma

Ex: The telomere's repetitive sequence , TTAGGG in humans , prevents the loss of essential genetic information with each round of cell division .Ang paulit-ulit na pagkakasunud-sunod ng **telomere**, TTAGGG sa mga tao, ay pumipigil sa pagkawala ng mahalagang genetic na impormasyon sa bawat ikot ng paghahati ng selula.
phenotype
[Pangngalan]

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

phenotype, mga nakikitang katangian

phenotype, mga nakikitang katangian

Ex: Inherited traits , such as freckles or dimples , contribute to an individual 's phenotype.Ang mga katangiang minana, tulad ng mga pekas o dimples, ay nag-aambag sa **phenotype** ng isang indibidwal.
homeostasis
[Pangngalan]

the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

homeostasis, panloob na balanse

homeostasis, panloob na balanse

Ex: The release of hormones like adrenaline during stress is part of the body 's response to maintain homeostasis in challenging situations .Ang paglabas ng mga hormone tulad ng adrenaline sa panahon ng stress ay bahagi ng tugon ng katawan upang mapanatili ang **homeostasis** sa mga mahirap na sitwasyon.
translation
[Pangngalan]

the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein

pagsasalin, pagsasalin ng genetiko

pagsasalin, pagsasalin ng genetiko

Ex: Various enzymes and initiation factors are involved in the regulation and control of translation.Ang iba't ibang enzymes at initiation factors ay kasangkot sa regulasyon at kontrol ng **pagsasalin**.
transcription
[Pangngalan]

the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

transkripsyon, ang proseso ng transkripsyon

transkripsyon, ang proseso ng transkripsyon

Ex: The template ( antisense ) strand of DNA serves as a guide for RNA synthesis during transcription.Ang template (antisense) strand ng DNA ay nagsisilbing gabay para sa synthesis ng RNA sa panahon ng **transcription**.
replication
[Pangngalan]

the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division

replikasyon

replikasyon

Ex: Errors during DNA replication are corrected by proofreading mechanisms to maintain genetic fidelity .Ang mga pagkakamali sa panahon ng **replikasyon** ng DNA ay itinatama ng mga mekanismo ng proofreading upang mapanatili ang genetic fidelity.
codon
[Pangngalan]

a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process

codon, pagkakasunod-sunod ng codon

codon, pagkakasunod-sunod ng codon

Ex: UGA , UAA , and UAG are stop codons, signaling the end of protein synthesis .Ang UGA, UAA, at UAG ay mga stop na **codon**, na nagpapahiwatig ng katapusan ng protein synthesis.
symbiosis
[Pangngalan]

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

simbiyosis, ugnayang simbiyotiko

simbiyosis, ugnayang simbiyotiko

Ex: The coral reefs showcase a remarkable example of symbiosis, where corals and algae live together , with corals providing shelter and nutrients while algae provide food through photosynthesis .Ang mga coral reef ay nagpapakita ng isang kapansin-pansing halimbawa ng **symbiosis**, kung saan ang mga coral at algae ay nabubuhay nang magkasama, na ang mga coral ay nagbibigay ng kanlungan at nutrients habang ang algae ay nagbibigay ng pagkain sa pamamagitan ng photosynthesis.
ameba
[Pangngalan]

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

ameba, ameba

ameba, ameba

Ex: Amebas play a role in nutrient cycling by consuming bacteria and organic matter in their habitats.Ang **ameba** ay may papel sa nutrient cycling sa pamamagitan ng pagkonsumo ng bacteria at organic matter sa kanilang mga tirahan.
prokaryote
[Pangngalan]

a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea

prokaryote, organismong prokaryote

prokaryote, organismong prokaryote

Ex: Many diseases , like strep throat , are caused by pathogenic prokaryotes.Maraming sakit, tulad ng strep throat, ay sanhi ng pathogenic **prokaryotes**.
chlorophyll
[Pangngalan]

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

kloropil, berdeng pigmento

kloropil, berdeng pigmento

Ex: Algae and cyanobacteria also contain chlorophyll, allowing them to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis .Ang algae at cyanobacteria ay naglalaman din ng **chlorophyll**, na nagpapahintulot sa kanila na magsagawa ng oxygenic photosynthesis.
capsid
[Pangngalan]

the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection

ang capsid, ang protein coat

ang capsid, ang protein coat

Ex: Understanding the structure and function of viral capsids is essential for developing antiviral strategies and vaccines .Ang pag-unawa sa istruktura at function ng viral **capsid** ay mahalaga para sa pagbuo ng mga antiviral na estratehiya at bakuna.
eukaryote
[Pangngalan]

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

eukaryote, organismo na eukaryote

eukaryote, organismo na eukaryote

Ex: Seaweeds, with their diverse forms, are eukaryotic algae found in marine ecosystems.Ang mga damong-dagat, sa kanilang iba't ibang anyo, ay mga **eukaryotic** algae na matatagpuan sa mga marine ecosystem.
ovum
[Pangngalan]

a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote

obul, itlog

obul, itlog

Ex: Scientists study the ovum to better understand reproductive biology and improve fertility treatments .Pinag-aaralan ng mga siyentipiko ang **itlog** upang mas maunawaan ang reproductive biology at mapabuti ang mga fertility treatment.
pepsin
[Pangngalan]

an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides

pepsin, enzyme na tumutulong sa pagtunaw ng protina

pepsin, enzyme na tumutulong sa pagtunaw ng protina

Ex: Excessive production of pepsin can contribute to conditions such as gastritis and peptic ulcers .Ang labis na produksyon ng **pepsin** ay maaaring mag-ambag sa mga kondisyon tulad ng gastritis at peptic ulcers.

a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

adenosine triphosphate, triphosphate ng adenosine

adenosine triphosphate, triphosphate ng adenosine

Ex: Adenosine triphosphate is a transient molecule , continuously being generated and used within cells .Ang **adenosine triphosphate** ay isang pansamantalang molekula, patuloy na nabubuo at ginagamit sa loob ng mga selula.
biogas
[Pangngalan]

a gas, especially methane, that is produced as a result of the decomposition of animal or plant remains, which is used as fuel

biogas, nababagong gas

biogas, nababagong gas

Ex: Engineers are working on optimizing the biogas production process to increase the yield and reduce the costs of renewable energy .Ang mga inhinyero ay nagtatrabaho sa pag-optimize ng proseso ng produksyon ng **biogas** upang madagdagan ang ani at mabawasan ang mga gastos ng renewable energy.
cytoskeleton
[Pangngalan]

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

cytoskeleton, balangkas ng selula

cytoskeleton, balangkas ng selula

Ex: The cytoskeleton is crucial for maintaining cell polarity , ensuring proper organization and function .Ang **cytoskeleton** ay mahalaga para sa pagpapanatili ng polarity ng cell, tinitiyak ang tamang organisasyon at function.
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