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C2 Ordlista - Biologi

Här kommer du att lära dig alla de väsentliga orden för att prata om biologi, samlade specifikt för C2-nivå elever.

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CEFR C2 Vocabulary
ribosome
ribosome
[Substantiv]

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

ribosom

ribosom

Ex: Antibiotics like tetracycline and streptomycin target bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis. 

Antibiotika som tetracyklin och streptomycin riktar in sig på bakteriella ribosomer, vilket hämmar proteinsyntesen.

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Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
[Substantiv]

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

Golgiapparaten, Golgikomplexet

Golgiapparaten, Golgikomplexet

Ex: Plant cells utilize the Golgi apparatus to produce cell wall components and other essential biomolecules. 

Växtceller använder Golgi-apparaten för att producera cellväggskomponenter och andra väsentliga biomolekyler.

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lysosome
lysosome
[Substantiv]

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

lysosom, enzymfylld vesikel

lysosom, enzymfylld vesikel

Ex: The acidic environment within lysosomes aids in the optimal functioning of their digestive enzymes. 

Den sura miljön inuti lysosomer bidrar till deras matsmältningsenzymer optimala funktion.

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mitochondrion
mitochondrion
[Substantiv]

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitokondrie, energiproducerande organell

mitokondrie, energiproducerande organell

Ex: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, producing energy through aerobic respiration. 

Mitokondrier är kända som cellens kraftverk, som producerar energi genom aerob andning.

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chloroplast
chloroplast
[Substantiv]

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

kloroplast, fotosyntetiskt organell

kloroplast, fotosyntetiskt organell

Ex: Chloroplasts play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 

Kloroplaster spelar en avgörande roll för att upprätthålla balansen mellan syre och koldioxid i atmosfären.

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nucleotide
nucleotide
[Substantiv]

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nukleotid

nukleotid

Ex: The energy currency of cells, ATP, is a nucleotide with three phosphate groups. 

Cellernas energivaluta, ATP, är en nukleotid med tre fosfatgrupper.

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polypeptide
polypeptide
[Substantiv]

a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein

polypeptid, polypeptidkedja

polypeptid, polypeptidkedja

Ex: Enzymes, crucial for catalyzing biochemical reactions, are often composed of polypeptide chains. 

Enzymer, som är avgörande för att katalysera biokemiska reaktioner, består ofta av polypeptid kedjor.

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organelle
organelle
[Substantiv]

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

organell, cellorganell

organell, cellorganell

Ex: The plasma membrane, though not always called an organelle, is a vital cellular boundary. 

Plasmamembranet, även om det inte alltid kallas organell, är en vital cellulär gräns.

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vacuole
vacuole
[Substantiv]

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

vakuol, vesikel

vakuol, vesikel

Ex: In some plant tissues, vacuoles store toxic substances to deter herbivores. 

I vissa vävnader hos växter lagrar vakuoler giftiga ämnen för att avskräcka herbivorer.

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centriole
centriole
[Substantiv]

a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle

centriol, centriolpar

centriol, centriolpar

Ex: The absence of centrioles in plant cells is a notable distinction from animal cells. 

Avsaknaden av centrioler i växtceller är en anmärkningsvärd skillnad från djurceller.

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histone
histone
[Substantiv]

a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin

histon, histonprotein

histon, histonprotein

Ex: The modification of histones can influence gene expression by regulating DNA accessibility. 

Modifiering av histoner kan påverka genuttryck genom att reglera DNA-tillgänglighet.

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telomere
telomere
[Substantiv]

a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development

telomer, kromosomända

telomer, kromosomända

Ex: The study of telomeres has implications for understanding the aging process and developing potential therapies for age-related diseases. 

Studiet av telomerer har implikationer för att förstå åldrandeprocessen och utveckla potentiella terapier för ålderrelaterade sjukdomar.

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phenotype
phenotype
[Substantiv]

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

fenotyp, observerbara egenskaper

fenotyp, observerbara egenskaper

Ex: The coat color, size, and behavior of animals represent their phenotypes. 

Djurens pälsfärg, storlek och beteende representerar deras fenotyper.

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homeostasis
homeostasis
[Substantiv]

the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

homeostas, inre balans

homeostas, inre balans

Ex: When you feel thirsty and drink water, it helps restore the body's water balance, maintaining homeostasis. 

När du känner dig törstig och dricker vatten hjälper det att återställa kroppens vattenbalans och upprätthålla homeostas.

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translation
translation
[Substantiv]

the process in which the information encoded in messenger RNA directs the synthesis of a protein

translation,  proteinsyntes

translation, proteinsyntes

Ex: The researchers studied how the mutation affected protein translation. 
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transcription
transcription
[Substantiv]

the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

transkription, transkriptionsprocessen

transkription, transkriptionsprocessen

Ex: The termination signal on the DNA marks the end of transcription, and the RNA strand is released. 

Terminationssignalen på DNA:t markerar slutet av transkriptionen, och RNA-strängen frigörs.

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replication
replication
[Substantiv]

the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division

replikation

replikation

Ex: Each daughter DNA molecule produced during replication consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. 

Varje dotter-DNA-molekyl som produceras under replikation består av en ursprunglig sträng och en nysyntetiserad sträng.

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codon
codon
[Substantiv]

a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process

kodon, kodonföljd

kodon, kodonföljd

Ex: The genetic code is degenerate, meaning that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. 

Den genetiska koden är degenererad, vilket innebär att flera kodon kan koda för samma aminosyra.

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symbiosis
symbiosis
[Substantiv]

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

symbios, symbiotisk relation

symbios, symbiotisk relation

Ex: The relationship between bees and flowering plants is an example of mutualistic symbiosis, with the bees pollinating the plants and obtaining nectar. 

Förhållandet mellan bin och blommande växter är ett exempel på mutualistisk symbios, där bin pollinerar växterna och får nektar.

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ameba
ameba
[Substantiv]

a microscopic single-celled organism that changes shape and typically moves and feeds by extending pseudopodia

amöba,  amöba

amöba, amöba

Ex: Some amebas live freely in freshwater and soil. 
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prokaryote
prokaryote
[Substantiv]

a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea

prokaryot, prokaryotisk organism

prokaryot, prokaryotisk organism

Ex: Prokaryotic cells have a simpler structure with a nucleoid region containing the genetic material. 

Prokaryota celler har en enklare struktur med en nukleoidregion som innehåller det genetiska materialet.

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chlorophyll
chlorophyll
[Substantiv]

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

klorofyll, grönt pigment

klorofyll, grönt pigment

Ex: The study of chlorophyll and its variants contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind photosynthesis. 

Studiet av klorofyll och dess varianter bidrar till vår förståelse av de molekylära mekanismerna bakom fotosyntesen.

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capsid
capsid
[Substantiv]

the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection

kapsiden, proteinhöljet

kapsiden, proteinhöljet

Ex: The disassembly of the capsid is a key step during the virus's entry into host cells. 

Demonteringen av kapsiden är ett avgörande steg under virusets inträde i värdcellerna.

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eukaryote
eukaryote
[Substantiv]

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

eukaryot, eukaryotisk organism

eukaryot, eukaryotisk organism

Ex: Yeast, a type of fungus, is a eukaryotic microorganism used in baking and brewing. 

Jäst, en typ av svamp, är en eukaryot mikroorganism som används i bakning och bryggning.

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ovum
ovum
[Substantiv]

a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote

äggcell, ägg

äggcell, ägg

Ex: During ovulation, a mature ovum is released from the ovary and travels down the fallopian tube. 

Under ägglossning frigörs en mogen äggcell från äggstocken och färdas nedåt äggledaren.

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pepsin
pepsin
[Substantiv]

an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides

pepsin, proteinsönderdelande enzym

pepsin, proteinsönderdelande enzym

Ex: Pepsin plays a crucial role in the digestion of dietary proteins, aiding in their breakdown for absorption. 

Pepsin spelar en avgörande roll i matsmältningen av dietproteiner, vilket hjälper till att bryta ner dem för absorption.

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adenosine triphosphate

a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

adenosintrifosfat, trifosfat av adenosin

adenosintrifosfat, trifosfat av adenosin

Ex: Adenosine triphosphate is involved in the synthesis of molecules, like proteins and nucleic acids, in cellular processes. 

Adenosintrifosfat är inblandat i syntesen av molekyler, som proteiner och nukleinsyror, i cellulära processer.

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biogas
biogas
[Substantiv]

a gas, especially methane, that is produced as a result of the decomposition of animal or plant remains, which is used as fuel

biogas, förnybar gas

biogas, förnybar gas

Ex: The biogas produced from agricultural waste at the farm is stored in large tanks and used to power the entire facility. 

Den biogas som produceras från jordbruksavfall på gården lagras i stora tankar och används för att driva hela anläggningen.

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cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton
[Substantiv]

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

cytoskelett, cellskelett

cytoskelett, cellskelett

Ex: During cell migration, the cytoskeleton helps cells move and change shape by extending protrusions. 

Under cellmigration hjälper cytoskelettet celler att röra sig och ändra form genom att sträcka ut utskott.

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