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Lista de Palabras Nivel C2 - Biología

Aquí aprenderás todas las palabras esenciales para hablar de biología, recopiladas específicamente para estudiantes de nivel C2.

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CEFR C2 Vocabulary
ribosome
ribosome
[Sustantivo]

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

ribosoma

ribosoma

Ex: The coordinated movement of ribosomes along mRNA ensures the accurate reading of genetic information. 

El movimiento coordinado de los ribosomas a lo largo del ARNm garantiza la lectura precisa de la información genética.

Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
[Sustantivo]

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

Aparato de Golgi, Complejo de Golgi

Aparato de Golgi, Complejo de Golgi

Ex: In nerve cells, the Golgi apparatus contributes to the formation of myelin, a fatty substance protecting nerve fibers. 

En las células nerviosas, el aparato de Golgi contribuye a la formación de mielina, una sustancia grasa que protege las fibras nerviosas.

lysosome
lysosome
[Sustantivo]

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

lisosoma, vesícula enzimática

lisosoma, vesícula enzimática

Ex: Lysosomes play a vital role in cellular housekeeping by degrading damaged or malfunctioning cellular components. 

Los lisosomas desempeñan un papel vital en el mantenimiento celular al degradar componentes celulares dañados o que funcionan mal.

mitochondrion
mitochondrion
[Sustantivo]

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitocondria

mitocondria

Ex: Dysfunction of the mitochondrion can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders, including mitochondrial myopathy and Leigh syndrome. 

La disfunción de la mitocondria puede conducir a una variedad de enfermedades y trastornos, incluyendo la miopatía mitocondrial y el síndrome de Leigh.

chloroplast
chloroplast
[Sustantivo]

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

cloroplasto, orgánulo fotosintético

cloroplasto, orgánulo fotosintético

Ex: In addition to chlorophyll, chloroplasts house other pigments that aid in capturing different wavelengths of light during photosynthesis. 

Además de la clorofila, los cloroplastos albergan otros pigmentos que ayudan a capturar diferentes longitudes de onda de la luz durante la fotosíntesis.

nucleotide
nucleotide
[Sustantivo]

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nucleótido

nucleótido

Ex: A chain of nucleotides in DNA or RNA is often referred to as a strand or sequence. 

Una cadena de nucleótidos en el ADN o ARN a menudo se denomina hebra o secuencia.

polypeptide
polypeptide
[Sustantivo]

a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein

polipeptido, cadena polipeptídica

polipeptido, cadena polipeptídica

Ex: Amino acids link together through peptide bonds to form the linear structure of a polypeptide. 

Los aminoácidos se unen entre sí a través de enlaces peptídicos para formar la estructura lineal de un polipeptido.

organelle
organelle
[Sustantivo]

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

orgánulo, organelo

orgánulo, organelo

Ex: Golgi apparatus, an organelle with stacked membranes, modifies and packages proteins. 

El aparato de Golgi, un orgánulo con membranas apiladas, modifica y empaqueta proteínas.

vacuole
vacuole
[Sustantivo]

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

vacuola, vesícula

vacuola, vesícula

Ex: Vacuoles in yeast cells store nutrients, aiding in survival during nutrient scarcity. 

Las vacuolas en las células de levadura almacenan nutrientes, ayudando en la supervivencia durante la escasez de nutrientes.

centriole
centriole
[Sustantivo]

a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle

centriolo, par de centriolos

centriolo, par de centriolos

Ex: During cell division, centrioles replicate, and the pairs move to opposite poles of the cell. 

Durante la división celular, los centriolos se replican y los pares se mueven a los polos opuestos de la célula.

histone
histone
[Sustantivo]

a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin

histona, proteína histona

histona, proteína histona

Ex: Histones help organize and condense long strands of DNA within the cell nucleus. 

Las histonas ayudan a organizar y condensar largas hebras de ADN dentro del núcleo celular.

telomere
telomere
[Sustantivo]

a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development

telómero, extremo del cromosoma

telómero, extremo del cromosoma

Ex: As cells divide, telomeres gradually shorten, acting as a biological clock that limits the number of divisions. 

A medida que las células se dividen, los telómeros se acortan gradualmente, actuando como un reloj biológico que limita el número de divisiones.

phenotype
phenotype
[Sustantivo]

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

fenotipo, características observables

fenotipo, características observables

Ex: Flower color, petal shape, and plant height are plant phenotypes. 

El color de la flor, la forma del pétalo y la altura de la planta son fenotipos vegetales.

homeostasis
homeostasis
[Sustantivo]

the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

homeostasis, equilibrio interno

homeostasis, equilibrio interno

Ex: Breathing rate adjusts to maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body, demonstrating respiratory homeostasis. 

La frecuencia respiratoria se ajusta para mantener el equilibrio de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono en el cuerpo, demostrando la homeostasis respiratoria.

translation
translation
[Sustantivo]

the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein

traducción, traducción genética

traducción, traducción genética

Ex: Translation involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases, orchestrating the synthesis of polypeptide chains. 

La traducción implica fases de iniciación, elongación y terminación, orquestando la síntesis de cadenas de polipéptidos.

transcription
transcription
[Sustantivo]

the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

transcripción, la transcripción

transcripción, la transcripción

Ex: The complementary RNA strand synthesized during transcription is called messenger RNA (mRNA). 

La cadena de ARN complementaria sintetizada durante la transcripción se llama ARN mensajero (ARNm).

replication
replication
[Sustantivo]

the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division

replicación

replicación

Ex: Replication starts at specific sites called origins of replication on the DNA molecule. 

La replicación comienza en sitios específicos llamados orígenes de replicación en la molécula de ADN.

codon
codon
[Sustantivo]

a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process

codón, secuencia de codones

codón, secuencia de codones

Ex: Mutations in codons can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein, affecting its function. 

Las mutaciones en los codones pueden provocar cambios en la secuencia de aminoácidos de una proteína, afectando su función.

symbiosis
symbiosis
[Sustantivo]

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

simbiosis

simbiosis

Ex: Clownfish and sea anemones exhibit mutualistic symbiosis, as the clownfish receive protection, and the anemones benefit from food scraps. 

Los peces payaso y las anémonas de mar exhiben una simbiosis mutualista, ya que los peces payaso reciben protección y las anémonas se benefician de los restos de comida.

ameba
ameba
[Sustantivo]

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

ameba, amibas

ameba, amibas

Ex: Amebas have a remarkable ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, thriving in diverse ecosystems. 

Las amebas tienen una capacidad notable para adaptarse a las condiciones ambientales cambiantes, prosperando en diversos ecosistemas.

prokaryote
prokaryote
[Sustantivo]

a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea

procariota, organismo procariota

procariota, organismo procariota

Ex: Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus found in eukaryotic cells. 

Los procariotas carecen de orgánulos unidos a membranas como el núcleo que se encuentra en las células eucariotas.

chlorophyll
chlorophyll
[Sustantivo]

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

clorofila

clorofila

Ex: During autumn, chlorophyll breaks down in deciduous plants, revealing other pigments and causing leaves to change color. 

Durante el otoño, la clorofila se descompone en las plantas caducifolias, revelando otros pigmentos y haciendo que las hojas cambien de color.

capsid
capsid
[Sustantivo]

the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection

la cápside, la cubierta proteica

la cápside, la cubierta proteica

Ex: The assembly of capsids is a highly regulated process during the viral life cycle. 

El ensamblaje de las cápsides es un proceso altamente regulado durante el ciclo de vida viral.

eukaryote
eukaryote
[Sustantivo]

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

eucariota, organismo eucariota

eucariota, organismo eucariota

Ex: Fungi, like mushrooms and molds, belong to the eukaryote group due to their cellular structure. 

Los hongos, como los champiñones y los mohos, pertenecen al grupo de los eucariotas debido a su estructura celular.

ovum
ovum
[Sustantivo]

a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote

óvulo, huevo

óvulo, huevo

Ex: The ovum contains half of the genetic material needed to form a new individual. 

El óvulo contiene la mitad del material genético necesario para formar un nuevo individuo.

pepsin
pepsin
[Sustantivo]

an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides

pepsina, enzima pepsica

pepsina, enzima pepsica

Ex: Pepsin works best at an acidic pH, which is why it is primarily active in the stomach. 

La pepsina funciona mejor a un pH ácido, por lo que es principalmente activa en el estómago.

adenosine triphosphate

a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

adenosín trifosfato, trifosfato de adenosina

adenosín trifosfato, trifosfato de adenosina

Ex: During cellular respiration, energy from nutrients is used to regenerate adenosine triphosphate. 

Durante la respiración celular, la energía de los nutrientes se utiliza para regenerar el adenosín trifosfato.

biogas
biogas
[Sustantivo]

a gas, especially methane, that is produced as a result of the decomposition of animal or plant remains, which is used as fuel

biogás

biogás

Ex: The production of biogas from agricultural residues not only generates energy but also helps manage waste more effectively. 

La producción de biogás a partir de residuos agrícolas no solo genera energía sino que también ayuda a gestionar los residuos de manera más efectiva.

cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton
[Sustantivo]

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

citoesqueleto, esqueleto celular

citoesqueleto, esqueleto celular

Ex: The cytoskeleton is involved in intracellular transport, guiding vesicles and organelles to their destinations. 

El citoesqueleto está involucrado en el transporte intracelular, guiando vesículas y orgánulos a sus destinos.

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