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Seznam Slovíček Úrovně C2 - Biology

Zde se naučíte všechna základní slova pro povídání o biologii, shromážděná speciálně pro studenty úrovně C2.

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CEFR C2 Vocabulary
ribosome
[Podstatné jméno]

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

ribozom, ribozóm

ribozom, ribozóm

Ex: The process of translation , where genetic instructions in mRNA are converted into proteins , occurs ribosomes.
Golgi apparatus
[Podstatné jméno]

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

Golgiho aparát, Golgiho těleso

Golgiho aparát, Golgiho těleso

Ex: Golgi apparatus is involved in the formation of vesicles that transport materials within the cell or to the cell membrane .
lysosome
[Podstatné jméno]

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

lyzozom, lyzozom

lyzozom, lyzozom

Ex: During apoptosis (programmed cell death), lysosomes release enzymes that contribute to the breakdown of cellular components.
mitochondrion
[Podstatné jméno]

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitochondrium, mitochondrion

mitochondrium, mitochondrion

Ex: Mitochondria contain their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA, which is essential for their function and replication.
chloroplast
[Podstatné jméno]

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

chloroplast, chloroplastida

chloroplast, chloroplastida

Ex: The unique DNA chloroplasts supports the idea that they originated from ancient symbiotic bacteria that formed a mutually beneficial relationship with plant ancestors .
nucleotide
[Podstatné jméno]

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nukleotid, nukleová jednotka

nukleotid, nukleová jednotka

Ex: Mutations can occur when the sequence nucleotides in DNA is altered .
polypeptide
[Podstatné jméno]

a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein

polypeptid, polypeptidový řetězec

polypeptid, polypeptidový řetězec

Ex: Collagen , providing structural support to tissues like skin and tendons , is a polypeptide.
organelle
[Podstatné jméno]

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

organela, specializovaná buněčná struktura

organela, specializovaná buněčná struktura

Ex: Vacuoles , organelles, hold nutrients , waste products , or pigments in plant cells .
vacuole
[Podstatné jméno]

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

vakuola, vakuoly

vakuola, vakuoly

Ex: The size and contents vacuoles can change dynamically in response to cellular needs and environmental conditions .
centriole
[Podstatné jméno]

a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle

centriole, centriole

centriole, centriole

Ex: Abnormalities centriole structure or function can lead to cell division and developmental issues .
histone
[Podstatné jméno]

a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin

histon, histonový protein

histon, histonový protein

Ex: Changes histone structure can influence the three-dimensional organization of the genome .
telomere
[Podstatné jméno]

a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development

telomer, konec chromozomu

telomer, konec chromozomu

Ex: telomere's repetitive sequence , TTAGGG in humans , prevents the loss of essential genetic information with each round of cell division .
phenotype
[Podstatné jméno]

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

fenotyp, projevení genotypu

fenotyp, projevení genotypu

Ex: Inherited traits , such as freckles or dimples , contribute to an individualphenotype.
homeostasis
[Podstatné jméno]

the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

homeostáze, homeostáza

homeostáze, homeostáza

Ex: The release of hormones like adrenaline during stress is part of the body 's response to homeostasis in challenging situations .
translation
[Podstatné jméno]

the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein

překlad, translace

překlad, translace

Ex: Various enzymes and initiation factors are involved in the regulation and control translation.
transcription
[Podstatné jméno]

the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

transkripce, přepis

transkripce, přepis

Ex: The template ( antisense ) strand of DNA serves as a guide for RNA synthesis transcription.
replication
[Podstatné jméno]

the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division

replikace, duplikace

replikace, duplikace

Ex: Errors during replication are corrected by proofreading mechanisms to maintain genetic fidelity .
codon
[Podstatné jméno]

a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process

kodon, kódová sekvence

kodon, kódová sekvence

Ex: UGA , UAA , and UAG are codons, signaling the end of protein synthesis .
symbiosis
[Podstatné jméno]

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

symbióza, soužití

symbióza, soužití

Ex: The coral reefs showcase a remarkable example symbiosis, where corals and algae live together , with corals providing shelter and nutrients while algae provide food through photosynthesis .
ameba
[Podstatné jméno]

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

ameba, améba

ameba, améba

Ex: Amebas play a role in nutrient cycling by consuming bacteria and organic matter in their habitats.
prokaryote
[Podstatné jméno]

a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea

prokaryot, prokaryotická buňka

prokaryot, prokaryotická buňka

Ex: Many diseases , like strep throat , are caused by prokaryotes.
chlorophyll
[Podstatné jméno]

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

chlorofyl, zelené barvivo

chlorofyl, zelené barvivo

Ex: Algae and cyanobacteria also chlorophyll, allowing them to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis .
capsid
[Podstatné jméno]

the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection

kapsid, proteinový obal viru

kapsid, proteinový obal viru

Ex: Understanding the structure and function of capsids is essential for developing antiviral strategies and vaccines .
eukaryote
[Podstatné jméno]

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

eukaryot, eukaryotická buňka

eukaryot, eukaryotická buňka

Ex: Seaweeds, with their diverse forms, are eukaryotic algae found in marine ecosystems.
ovum
[Podstatné jméno]

a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote

vajíčko, nestač

vajíčko, nestač

Ex: Scientists study ovum to better understand reproductive biology and improve fertility treatments .
pepsin
[Podstatné jméno]

an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides

pepsin, enzym pepsin

pepsin, enzym pepsin

Ex: Excessive production pepsin can contribute to conditions such as gastritis and peptic ulcers .
adenosine triphosphate
[Podstatné jméno]

a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

adenosintrifosfát, ATP

adenosintrifosfát, ATP

Ex: Adenosine triphosphate is a transient molecule , continuously being generated and used within cells .
cytoskeleton
[Podstatné jméno]

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

cytoskelet, cytokelet

cytoskelet, cytokelet

Ex: cytoskeleton is crucial for maintaining cell polarity , ensuring proper organization and function .
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