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АКТ Наука - Biology

Здесь вы выучите некоторые английские слова, связанные с биологией, такие как «разложение», «ассимиляция», «вирион» и т. д., которые помогут вам улучшить свои навыки ACT.

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ACT Vocabulary for Science
organism

a living thing such as a plant, animal, etc., especially a very small one that lives on its own

организм

организм

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growth medium

a substance that provides nutrients and conditions for the growth of cells or microorganisms

питательная среда

питательная среда

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culture

the process of growing cells, tissues, or organisms in an artificial environment with controlled conditions such as temperature, nutrients, and pH

культура

культура

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metabolism

the chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use

метаболизм

метаболизм

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specimen

a small amount of something such as urine, blood, etc. that is taken for examination

образец

образец

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strain

a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, typically within a species, that possesses distinct characteristics from other members of the same species

штамм

штамм

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to secrete

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

секретировать

секретировать

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to excrete

to discharge waste products or substances from the body or cells into the environment, typically through urine, feces, or sweat

экскретировать

экскретировать

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eukaryote

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

эукариот

эукариот

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asexual reproduction

a type of reproduction where a single organism can produce offspring without the involvement of another organism

асексуальное размножение

асексуальное размножение

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meiosis

a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells) for sexual reproduction

мейоз

мейоз

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mitosis

a type of cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

митоз

митоз

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interphase

the longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its normal functions

интерфаза

интерфаза

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prophase

the initial phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves, preparing for cell division

профаза

профаза

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metaphase

the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes align in pairs along the equator of the cell, preparing for their separation into haploid daughter cells

метафаза

метафаза

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anaphase

the stage of cell division where sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers

анагенез

анагенез

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telophase

the last stage of meiosis where chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform, and cells prepare to divide into daughter cells with half the original chromosome number

телофаза

телофаза

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to biodegrade

to break down or decompose naturally by biological processes, typically through the action of microorganisms like bacteria or fungi

биодеградировать

биодеградировать

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biomolecule

any molecule produced by living organisms including large molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as smaller molecules like vitamins, hormones, and metabolites

биомолекула

биомолекула

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biodiversity

the existence of a range of different plants and animals in a natural environment

биот diversidade

биот diversidade

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bioinformatics

a field of study that combines biology and computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data

биоинформатика

биоинформатика

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biocompatible

not causing harmful reactions or adverse effects when in contact with biological systems

биосовместимый

биосовместимый

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biometrics

a branch of biology that employs statistical analysis to study and interpret biological phenomena and observations

биометрия

биометрия

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mucus

a thick slimy substance produced by mucous membranes, inside the nose or the mouth, to lubricate and protect them

слизь

слизь

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microbiology

the branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their effects on living organisms

микробиология

микробиология

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virion

a complete virus particle that includes genetic material wrapped in a protein coat, capable of infecting host cells to replicate

вирион

вирион

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conditioning

the process of training or adapting behavior through repeated experiences or stimuli to produce specific responses or associations

обусловливание

обусловливание

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nutrient

a substance such as a vitamin, protein, fat, etc. that is essential for good health and growth

питательное вещество

питательное вещество

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biomimicry

an approach to innovation and problem-solving that draws inspiration from nature's designs, processes, and systems

биомимикрия

биомимикрия

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gamete

a special cell used for reproduction, with sperm cells being the male gametes and egg cells being the female gametes

гамет

гамет

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microbiome

the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that inhabit a particular environment

микробиом

микробиом

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ecology

the scientific study of the environment or the interrelation of living creatures and the way they affect each other

экология

экология

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anthropogenic

refering to processes, effects, or phenomena that are caused by human activity or influence

антропогенный

антропогенный

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ecotourism

tourism that includes visiting endangered natural environments which aims at preservation of the wildlife and the nature

экотуризм

экотуризм

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motility

the ability of an organism or cell to move independently using specialized structures such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

мотивность

мотивность

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protist

a single-celled organism that is neither a plant, animal, nor fungus, typically found in aquatic or moist environments

протист

протист

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homologous

reflecting a similarity in arrangement, type, or origin, particularly within the same species

гомологичный

гомологичный

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bioluminescence

the light produced by by living organisms as a result of biochemical reactions, often used for communication, attracting prey, or camouflage

биолуминисценция

биолуминисценция

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hydroid

a small, plant-like aquatic organism belonging to the class Hydrozoa, often forming branching colonies

гидроид

гидроид

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transdifferentiation

the process by which a differentiated cell changes its identity and adopts the characteristics of a different cell type

трансп differentiation

трансп differentiation

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mycelium

the network of thread-like structures that form the vegetative part of a fungus, typically growing underground or within a substrate

мицелий

мицелий

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mutualist

(of an organism) engaging in a symbiotic relationship where both participants benefit from the interaction

мутивалист

мутивалист

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commensal

describing a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

комменсальный

комменсальный

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mycorrhiza

a mutually beneficial symbiotic association between the roots of plants and fungi where the fungus colonizes the root system, facilitating nutrient uptake from the soil

микориза

микориза

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to assimilate

(of organisms) to absorb and incorporate nutrients or substances from their environment into their own tissues or cells

ассимилировать

ассимилировать

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spore

a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, often adapted for survival in harsh conditions

спора

спора

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biomass

the entirety of living organisms in a specific area or ecosystem, typically measured as dry weight after removing water

биомасса

биомасса

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taxonomic

related to how living things are categorized based on their similarities

таксономический

таксономический

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petri dish

a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a lid, commonly used in laboratories to culture and study microorganisms

петри-диша

петри-диша

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agar

a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed and used as a gelling agent in various food

агар

агар

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cosmology

the scientific study of how the universe is created, its development, and how it is going to end

космология

космология

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virulent

(of a disease) able to make one sick

вирулентный

вирулентный

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decomposition

the natural process where bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the ecosystem

разложение

разложение

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prokaryotic

(of organisms or cells) lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, with genetic material free-floating within the cell

прокариотный

прокариотный

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substrate

the underlying surface or material where an organism attaches, grows, or feeds

субстрат

субстрат

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excitatory

capable of triggering an increase in the activity or responsiveness of the cell or organism

возбуждающий

возбуждающий

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fission yeast

a single-celled organism used extensively in biological research as a model organism

древесная дрожь

древесная дрожь

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adaptation

the process by which organisms evolve over time to better suit their environment, survive, and reproduce more effectively

адаптация

адаптация

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ameba

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

амеба

амеба

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physiologist

a scientist who studies the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, often focusing on how biological systems work at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels

физиолог

физиолог

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genus

(biology) any of the groups that plants, animals, etc. with similar characteristics are divided into, which is larger than a species and smaller than a family

род

род

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