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ACT 科学 - 生物学

ここでは、ACT のエースに役立つ「分解」、「同化」、「ビリオン」などの生物学に関連する英単語を学びます。

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ACT Vocabulary for Science
organism

a living thing such as a plant, animal, etc., especially a very small one that lives on its own

生き物

生き物

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[名詞]
growth medium

a substance that provides nutrients and conditions for the growth of cells or microorganisms

成長培地

成長培地

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[名詞]
culture

the process of growing cells, tissues, or organisms in an artificial environment with controlled conditions such as temperature, nutrients, and pH

培養

培養

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[名詞]
metabolism

the chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use

代謝

代謝

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[名詞]
specimen

a small amount of something such as urine, blood, etc. that is taken for examination

実験サンプル

実験サンプル

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[名詞]
strain

a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, typically within a species, that possesses distinct characteristics from other members of the same species

歪み

歪み

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[名詞]
to secrete

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

液体状の物質を放出する

液体状の物質を放出する

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[動詞]
to excrete

to discharge waste products or substances from the body or cells into the environment, typically through urine, feces, or sweat

排泄する

排泄する

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[動詞]
eukaryote

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

真核生物

真核生物

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[名詞]
asexual reproduction

a type of reproduction where a single organism can produce offspring without the involvement of another organism

無性生殖

無性生殖

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[名詞]
meiosis

a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells) for sexual reproduction

減数分裂

減数分裂

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[名詞]
mitosis

a type of cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

有糸分裂

有糸分裂

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[名詞]
interphase

the longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its normal functions

間期

間期

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[名詞]
prophase

the initial phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves, preparing for cell division

前期

前期

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[名詞]
metaphase

the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes align in pairs along the equator of the cell, preparing for their separation into haploid daughter cells

中期

中期

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[名詞]
anaphase

the stage of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) where sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers

後期

後期

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[名詞]
telophase

the last stage of meiosis where chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform, and cells prepare to divide into daughter cells with half the original chromosome number

終期

終期

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[名詞]
to biodegrade

to break down or decompose naturally by biological processes, typically through the action of microorganisms like bacteria or fungi

生分解する

生分解する

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[動詞]
biomolecule

any molecule produced by living organisms including large molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as smaller molecules like vitamins, hormones, and metabolites

生体分子

生体分子

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[名詞]
biodiversity

the existence of a range of different plants and animals in a natural environment

生物多様性

生物多様性

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[名詞]
bioinformatics

a field of study that combines biology and computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data

バイオインフォマティクス

バイオインフォマティクス

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[名詞]
biocompatible

not causing harmful reactions or adverse effects when in contact with biological systems

生体適合性のある

生体適合性のある

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[形容詞]
biometrics

a branch of biology that employs statistical analysis to study and interpret biological phenomena and observations

生体認証

生体認証

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[名詞]
mucus

a thick slimy substance produced by mucous membranes, inside the nose or the mouth, to lubricate and protect them

粘液

粘液

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[名詞]
microbiology

the branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their effects on living organisms

微生物学

微生物学

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[名詞]
virion

a complete virus particle that includes genetic material wrapped in a protein coat, capable of infecting host cells to replicate

ビリオン

ビリオン

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[名詞]
conditioning

the process of training or adapting behavior through repeated experiences or stimuli to produce specific responses or associations

コンディショニング

コンディショニング

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[名詞]
nutrient

a substance such as a vitamin, protein, fat, etc. that is essential for good health and growth

栄養素

栄養素

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[名詞]
biomimicry

an approach to innovation and problem-solving that draws inspiration from nature's designs, processes, and systems

生体模倣

生体模倣

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[名詞]
gamete

a special cell used for reproduction, with sperm cells being the male gametes and egg cells being the female gametes

配偶子

配偶子

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[名詞]
microbiome

the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that inhabit a particular environment

マイクロバイオーム

マイクロバイオーム

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[名詞]
ecology

the scientific study of the environment or the interrelation of living creatures and the way they affect each other

生態

生態

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[名詞]
anthropogenic

refering to processes, effects, or phenomena that are caused by human activity or influence

人為的な

人為的な

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[形容詞]
ecotourism

tourism that includes visiting endangered natural environments which aims at preservation of the wildlife and the nature

エコツーリズム

エコツーリズム

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[名詞]
motility

the ability of an organism or cell to move independently using specialized structures such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

運動性

運動性

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[名詞]
protist

a single-celled organism that is neither a plant, animal, nor fungus, typically found in aquatic or moist environments

原生生物

原生生物

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[名詞]
homologous

reflecting a similarity in arrangement, type, or origin, particularly within the same species

相同な

相同な

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[形容詞]
bioluminescence

the light produced by by living organisms as a result of biochemical reactions, often used for communication, attracting prey, or camouflage

生物発光

生物発光

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[名詞]
hydroid

a small, plant-like aquatic organism belonging to the class Hydrozoa, often forming branching colonies

ハイドロイド

ハイドロイド

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[名詞]
transdifferentiation

the process by which a differentiated cell changes its identity and adopts the characteristics of a different cell type

分化転換

分化転換

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[名詞]
mycelium

the network of thread-like structures that form the vegetative part of a fungus, typically growing underground or within a substrate

菌糸体

菌糸体

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[名詞]
mutualist

describing an organism that engages in a symbiotic relationship where both participants benefit from the interaction

共生主義者

共生主義者

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[形容詞]
commensal

describing a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

共生的な

共生的な

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[形容詞]
mycorrhiza

a mutually beneficial symbiotic association between the roots of plants and fungi where the fungus colonizes the root system, facilitating nutrient uptake from the soil

菌根

菌根

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[名詞]
to assimilate

(of organisms) to absorb and incorporate nutrients or substances from their environment into their own tissues or cells

同化する

同化する

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[動詞]
spore

a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, often adapted for survival in harsh conditions

胞子

胞子

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[名詞]
biomass

the entirety of living organisms in a specific area or ecosystem, typically measured as dry weight after removing water

バイオマス

バイオマス

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[名詞]
taxonomic

related to how living things are categorized based on their similarities

分類学的

分類学的

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[形容詞]
petri dish

a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a lid, commonly used in laboratories to culture and study microorganisms

ペトリ皿

ペトリ皿

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[名詞]
agar

a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed and used as a gelling agent in various food

寒天

寒天

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[名詞]
cosmology

the scientific study of how the universe is created, its development, and how it is going to end

宇宙学

宇宙学

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[名詞]
virulent

(of a disease) able to make one sick

毒性

毒性

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[形容詞]
decomposition

the natural process where bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the ecosystem

分解

分解

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[名詞]
prokaryotic

describing organisms or cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, with genetic material free-floating within the cell

原核生物

原核生物

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[形容詞]
substrate

the underlying surface or material where an organism attaches, grows, or feeds

基板

基板

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[名詞]
excitatory

capable of triggering an increase in the activity or responsiveness of the cell or organism

興奮性の

興奮性の

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[形容詞]
fission yeast

a single-celled organism used extensively in biological research as a model organism

分裂酵母

分裂酵母

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[名詞]
adaptation

the process by which organisms evolve over time to better suit their environment, survive, and reproduce more effectively

適応

適応

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[名詞]
ameba

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

水と土壌の中に見られる単細胞生物

水と土壌の中に見られる単細胞生物

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[名詞]
physiologist

a scientist who studies the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, often focusing on how biological systems work at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels

生理学者

生理学者

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[名詞]
genus

(biology) any of the groups that plants, animals, etc. with similar characteristics are divided into, which is larger than a species and smaller than a family

属 (生物学)

属 (生物学)

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[名詞]
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