Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic - Test 1 - Reading - Passage 1
Learn vocabulary from Cambridge IELTS 15 Academic, Test 1 Reading Passage 1, and review useful words and expressions from this reading text.
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(of a plant or shrub) retaining leaves all year round
to grow or extend new branches from the main trunk or stem of a tree or plant
a plant or tree's branches and leaves collectively
to surround or cover something completely with a protective structure
(of plant or fruit tissue) soft, juicy, and succulent, often with a high water content
the dry outer covering of certain fruits, seeds, or grains
to separate or divide something along a straight line
a long, narrow raised part of a bone, tooth, or other body structure
made of lace or having a delicate appearance like lace
fleshy and usually brightly colored cover of some seeds that develops from the ovule stalk and partially or entirely envelops the seed
considered highly valuable or esteemed
a method or style of cooking that is specific to a country or region
a substance or combination of substances used to enhance or impart a specific taste to food or beverages
having properties or qualities suitable for treating or curing illnesses or promoting health
having the quality or effect of protecting something from decay, damage, or loss
a person or business that buys and sells goods, especially in large quantities, for profit
to make information that was previously unknown or kept in secrecy publicly known
a product or raw material that can be bought and sold, especially in large quantities on financial markets
relating to Venice or its people, culture, or traditions
the state of having superiority over another party in terms of power, knowledge, influence, etc.
to make effective or profitable use of a resource, opportunity, or ability
to arrange for another person or company to perform part of contracted work
a person whose job involves buying and selling goods, shares, currencies, or other assets
to be present or available in large amounts
related to the purchasing and selling of different goods and services
a group of ships, aircraft, or vehicles owned or operated together by the same organization
in a quick or immediate way
to exclude someone or something from participation or access
to increase rapidly to a high level
to resist or defend oneself against an attack or challenge, often by taking action to counter the aggression or difficulty
to create or establish an organization or place, especially by providing the finances
a company or group of people that are considered as a single unit by law
a business enterprise, particularly one operating on a large scale
a dangerous disease spread by rats that causes fever and swellings, often kills if infected
(of a disease) transmittable from one person to another through close contact
reckless or dangerous because of extreme distress or hopelessness
lacking a sufficient amount of something in general
the ruler of a Muslim country, especially in the former Ottoman Empire
to make something stay in the same state or condition
not supporting or favoring either side in a conflict, dispute, competition, or disagreement
the state or fact of existing or occurring somewhere
armed forces or soldiers, especially by large numbers
a person or group that enters a place by force to take control
to gain control or possession of something through force, effort, or strategy
something purchased with the expectation that it will become more valuable or useful over time
to bring people or things together in one place
to remove something, such as a plant or tree, by pulling it completely out of the ground
a large piece of land used for growing sugar cane, coffee, tea, etc., particularly in a hot country
a specific area with unique characteristics
a young plant that develops from a seed, typically in the early stages of growth after germination
official permission, sanction, or approval
a white or gray powder made by heating certain types of rocks and is commonly used in building materials, making soil less acidic, or treating water
(of an animal, person, or plant) able to produce offspring, fruit, or seed
a small, thin piece cut, split, or broken from something, especially wood, glass, or metal
a middle position or solution that combines different or opposing qualities
an official agreement that puts an end to a dispute
an official agreement between two or more governments or states
firmly determined to do or achieve something
to reach or gain a particular thing, typically requiring significant amount of effort
influence or control over something or someone
in a sequential manner, referring to actions or events occurring in a specific order
a market situation in which a single company or supplier has exclusive control over a product or service and faces no effective competition
to move goods or people illegally and secretly into or out of a country
(of an animal, child, or plant) to grow with strength, health, or energy
the sudden release of lava, gases, and ash from a volcano
to completely remove or destroy something so that it no longer exists
a small group of trees planted closely together, often cultivated for their ornamental value or fruit production
to take hold of something suddenly and firmly
to remove a plant from its original place and replant it somewhere else
a metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms
a country considered as a group of people that share the same history, language, etc., and are ruled by the same government
to grow plants or crops, especially for farming or commercial purposes
to spend as much money as needed to get the best result without trying to save money
