قائمة كلمات المستوى C2 - Chemistry

a thermodynamic measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, denoted by S

إنتروبيا

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a solution

المذاب

a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products

المتفاعل, الرد الفعل

(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself

مسرع, محفز كيميائي

the acceleration or facilitation of a chemical reaction by a substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

تحفيز, تسرع كيميائي

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

رابطة تساهمية, رابطة تساهمية

any of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and, consequently, different properties

متزامر

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

بوليمر

a molecule that can chemically bond with other molecules to form a polymer

مونومر

a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes

هيدروكربون

a chemical compound derived from the reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, typically with the elimination of water

إستر

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and another carbon atom, commonly found in essential oils and used in various chemical processes

ألدهايد

a compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom, widely used as solvents, fuels, and in pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis

الكحول, الكحوليات

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, commonly found in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings

كيتون

a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances

تفاعل الأكسدة والاختزال, تفاعل ريدوكس

the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L or M)

التركيز المولي

a substance that, when dissolved in a solution, produces ions and enables the conduction of electric current

إلكتروليت

a mixture where small particles of one substance are evenly dispersed in another substance, typically intermediate in size between solution and suspension particles

غرواني

the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction, usually of metals

تآكل, صدأ

any substance with a pH of more than seven that neutralizes acids creating salt and water

قلوي, قاعدة

a gas with a strong smell that dissolves in water to give a strongly alkaline solution

الأمونيا

a combination of two or more metals, creating a metal that is usually stronger or more resistant

سبيكة

a type of chemical element found in Group 17 of the periodic table, known for being highly reactive and commonly used in disinfectants and lights

هالوجين

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

نظير

any of the elements in Group 18 of the periodic table, including helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, characterized by their inert nature and stable electron configurations

غاز نبيل, غاز خامل

a mixture of two liquids where tiny droplets of one are evenly dispersed in the other, like oil in water

مح emulsions

the time required for half of a quantity of a substance to undergo a change or decay, typically in the context of radioactive decay or chemical reactions

عمر نصف

a type of uranium that has most of its more radioactive isotopes removed, primarily used for armor-piercing ammunition and shielding

اليورانيوم المستنفد, اليورانيوم المقارب

a liquid that is capable of dissolving another substance

مذيب

having an electric charge

مشحون, مكهرباء