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a thermodynamic measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, denoted by S
熵
a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products
反应物, 反应剂
(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself
催化剂, 化学催化剂
the acceleration or facilitation of a chemical reaction by a substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction
催化作用, 化学反应加速
any of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and, consequently, different properties
异构体
a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure
聚合物
a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes
烃
a chemical compound derived from the reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, typically with the elimination of water
酯
an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and another carbon atom, commonly found in essential oils and used in various chemical processes
醛
a compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom, widely used as solvents, fuels, and in pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis
酒精, 醇
an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, commonly found in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings
酮
a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances
氧化还原反应, 氧还原反应
the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L or M)
摩尔浓度
a substance that, when dissolved in a solution, produces ions and enables the conduction of electric current
电解质
a mixture where small particles of one substance are evenly dispersed in another substance, typically intermediate in size between solution and suspension particles
胶体
any substance with a pH of more than seven that neutralizes acids creating salt and water
碱, 碱性物质
a gas with a strong smell that dissolves in water to give a strongly alkaline solution
氨
a combination of two or more metals, creating a metal that is usually stronger or more resistant
合金
a type of chemical element found in Group 17 of the periodic table, known for being highly reactive and commonly used in disinfectants and lights
卤素
each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass
同位素
any of the elements in Group 18 of the periodic table, including helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, characterized by their inert nature and stable electron configurations
惰性气体, 贵气体
a mixture of two liquids where tiny droplets of one are evenly dispersed in the other, like oil in water
乳液
the time required for half of a quantity of a substance to undergo a change or decay, typically in the context of radioactive decay or chemical reactions
半衰期
a type of uranium that has most of its more radioactive isotopes removed, primarily used for armor-piercing ammunition and shielding
贫化铀, 去铀铀
