CEFR C2 Vocabulary - Biology

a cellular structure composed of RNA and protein, found in the cytoplasm of cells, that serves as the site for protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into chains of amino acids during the process of translation

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

a membrane-bound cellular organelle containing enzymes responsible for breaking down and digesting various biomolecules, recycling cellular waste, and participating in processes such as autophagy

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells that is responsible for energy production

a cellular organelle found in plant cells and some algae, responsible for photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll pigments that capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water

a unit of genetic material composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base, forming the building blocks of DNA and RNA

a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists, serving various functions such as storage of nutrients, waste management, and maintenance of cell turgor pressure

a cylindrical cell organelle composed of microtubules, typically found in pairs near the nucleus of animal cells, involved in organizing the mitotic spindle during cell division

a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin

a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein

the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division

an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent

an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents

a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea

a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and some photosynthetic microorganisms, crucial for photosynthesis as it absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy

the protein coat surrounding the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of a virus particle, composed of protein subunits called capsomers, which protects and helps the virus in attaching to and entering host cells during the infection process

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote

an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides

a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

a dynamic network of protein filaments and tubules within the cytoplasm of a cell, providing structural support, enabling cellular movement, and serving as tracks for intracellular transport