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Sciences ACT - Neurologie et Biochimie Sanguine

Apprenez le vocabulaire scientifique ACT pour la neurologie et la biochimie sanguine, y compris le système nerveux, la fonction cérébrale, les composants sanguins, la circulation et les processus biochimiques.

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ACT Vocabulary for Science
neurogenesis

the process by which new neurons are generated in the brain, occurring primarily during prenatal development but also continuing into adulthood in certain brain regions

neurogenèse, génération de neurones

neurogenèse, génération de neurones

Ex: Researchers are exploring ways to promote neurogenesis as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. 

Les chercheurs explorent des moyens de promouvoir la neurogenèse comme traitement potentiel des maladies neurodégénératives.

synesthesia

a neurological phenomenon where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

synesthésie, synesthésie

synesthésie, synesthésie

Ex: Synesthetes experience unique sensory perceptions that are not typical for most individuals. 

Les synesthètes éprouvent des perceptions sensorielles uniques qui ne sont pas typiques pour la plupart des individus.

sensation

a physical feeling or perception produced by stimulation of the body or a sense organ

sensation

sensation

Ex: The cold water produced a sharp tingling sensation in Daniel's feet. 
neuron
neuron
[nom]

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

neurone

neurone

Ex: Damage to sensory neurons can cause numbness in the limbs. 

Les dommages aux neurones sensoriels peuvent provoquer un engourdissement des membres.

white matter

the tissue in the central nervous system composed of myelinated nerve fibers

substance blanche, matière blanche

substance blanche, matière blanche

parietal cortex

the outer layer of neural tissue in the parietal lobe involved in sensory processing and spatial awareness

cortex pariétal, écorce pariétale

cortex pariétal, écorce pariétale

short-term memory

the temporary storage of information that is currently being used or actively processed by the brain, typically for a few seconds to a few minutes

mémoire à court terme, mémoire immédiate

mémoire à court terme, mémoire immédiate

Ex: The ability to hold a conversation relies on short-term memory to process incoming information. 

La capacité à tenir une conversation repose sur la mémoire à court terme pour traiter les informations entrantes.

neurotransmitter

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

neurotransmetteur

neurotransmetteur

Ex: Problems with neurotransmitter levels can lead to neurological disorders. 

Les problèmes avec les niveaux de neurotransmetteur peuvent conduire à des troubles neurologiques.

hippocampus

a curved structure in the brain responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigationa curved structure in the brain responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigation

hippocampe, formation hippocampique

hippocampe, formation hippocampique

neuroscientist

a scientist who studies the structure, function, and disorders of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord

neuroscientifique, spécialiste en neurosciences

neuroscientifique, spécialiste en neurosciences

Ex: Neuroscientists use advanced imaging techniques to map brain activity during different cognitive tasks. 

Les neuroscientifiques utilisent des techniques d'imagerie avancées pour cartographier l'activité cérébrale lors de différentes tâches cognitives.

synapse
synapse
[nom]

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

synapse, jonction synaptique

synapse, jonction synaptique

Ex: Synapses play a crucial role in information processing in the nervous system, allowing communication between neurons. 

Les synapses jouent un rôle crucial dans le traitement de l'information dans le système nerveux, permettant la communication entre les neurones.

connectome

a comprehensive map or diagram that depicts the complete set of neural connections within a nervous system

connectome, carte des connexions neuronales

connectome, carte des connexions neuronales

parasympathetic
parasympathetic
[Adjectif]

relating to the part of the nervous system that promotes relaxation and digestion in the body

parasympathique

parasympathique

Ex: Deep breathing exercises activate the parasympathetic response, promoting relaxation. 

Les exercices de respiration profonde activent la réponse parasympathique, favorisant la relaxation.

neurosis

a mental condition that is not caused by organic disease in which one is constantly anxious, worried, and stressed

névrose

névrose

Ex: People with neurosis may experience excessive worry and stress over minor issues, affecting their overall quality of life. 

Les personnes souffrant de névrose peuvent éprouver une inquiétude et un stress excessifs face à des problèmes mineurs, affectant leur qualité de vie globale.

autonomic
autonomic
[Adjectif]

relating to bodily functions that occur automatically, without conscious effort or control

autonome, végétatif

autonome, végétatif

Ex: The autonomic nervous system regulates functions such as heart rate and digestion. 

Le système nerveux autonome régule des fonctions telles que la fréquence cardiaque et la digestion.

endocrinology

the branch of medicine and physiology dealing with the endocrine system that controls the hormones in one's body

endocrinologie

endocrinologie

Ex: Advances in endocrinology have led to better treatments for diabetes, thyroid disorders, and other endocrine diseases. 

Les progrès en endocrinologie ont conduit à de meilleurs traitements pour le diabète, les troubles thyroïdiens et d'autres maladies endocriniennes.

melatonin

a hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and promotes restful sleep

mélatonine, hormone du sommeil

mélatonine, hormone du sommeil

ghrelin
ghrelin
[nom]

a hormone produced mainly by the stomach that stimulates appetite and regulates hunger

ghréline, hormone de la faim

ghréline, hormone de la faim

Ex: Researchers are studying ghrelin's role in regulating body weight and metabolism. 

Les chercheurs étudient le rôle de la ghréline dans la régulation du poids corporel et du métabolisme.

leptin
leptin
[nom]

a hormone produced primarily by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger and promoting feelings of fullness

leptine, hormone de la satiété

leptine, hormone de la satiété

estrogen

(biochemistry) the main female sex hormone that controls reproduction and female traits

œstrogène

œstrogène

Ex: Her doctor prescribed estrogen to help with severe hot flashes. 
serotonin

a neurotransmitter primarily found in the brain and gastrointestinal tract that plays a key role in mood regulation, appetite, sleep, and various physiological functions

sérotonine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

sérotonine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

Ex: Medications that increase serotonin levels are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. 

Les médicaments qui augmentent les niveaux de sérotonine sont utilisés pour traiter la dépression et les troubles anxieux.

norepinephrine

(biochemistry) a hormone and neurotransmitter that prepares the body for action and helps maintain alertness and focus

noradrénaline

noradrénaline

Ex: The drug works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine in the brain. 
histamine

a compound released by cells in response to injury, allergy, or immune reactions, causing inflammation, itching, and other allergy symptoms

histamine

histamine

Ex: Histamine plays a role in the body's immune response to foreign substances and pathogens. 

L'histamine joue un rôle dans la réponse immunitaire de l'organisme aux substances étrangères et aux agents pathogènes.

lipoprotein

a biochemical assembly that transports fats in the bloodstream, composed of proteins and lipids

lipoprotéine, protéine lipidique

lipoprotéine, protéine lipidique

Ex: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol to cells and is associated with an increased risk of heart disease when levels are elevated. 

La lipoprotéine de basse densité (LDL) transporte le cholestérol vers les cellules et est associée à un risque accru de maladie cardiaque lorsque les niveaux sont élevés.

biomarker

a biological indicator found in blood that can be measured and evaluated to indicate a particular physiological or pathological condition, or the response to treatment

biomarqueur, marqueur biologique

biomarqueur, marqueur biologique

amino acid

(biochemistry) a small molecule that cells link together to build proteins

acide aminé

acide aminé

Ex: This supplement contains all nine essential amino acids that your body cannot produce on its own. 
acidosis

a medical condition characterized by an excess of acid in the blood and body tissues, resulting in a lower pH than normal

acidose, acidémie

acidose, acidémie

Ex: Respiratory acidosis can develop when the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide from the body. 

L'acidose respiratoire peut se développer lorsque les poumons ne peuvent pas éliminer suffisamment de dioxyde de carbone du corps.

alkalosis

a medical condition characterized by an excess of base or alkali in the blood and body tissues, resulting in a higher pH than normal

alcalose, alcalémie

alcalose, alcalémie

Ex: Metabolic alkalosis may result from prolonged vomiting or excessive intake of alkali substances. 

L'alcalose métabolique peut résulter de vomissements prolongés ou d'une ingestion excessive de substances alcalines.

inhibitory
inhibitory
[Adjectif]

having the ability to restrain, limit, or suppress activity or function

inhibiteur, freinateur

inhibiteur, freinateur

Ex: The medication acts as an inhibitory agent, slowing down the growth of cancer cells. 

Le médicament agit comme un agent inhibiteur, ralentissant la croissance des cellules cancéreuses.

hemoglobin

a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells

hémoglobine, globine

hémoglobine, globine

Ex: Low hemoglobin may cause fatigue. 

Un faible taux d'hémoglobine peut provoquer de la fatigue.

cytokine

a small protein that regulates immune responses and cell communication in the human body

cytokine, protéine de signalisation cellulaire

cytokine, protéine de signalisation cellulaire

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