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Sciences ACT - Neurologie et Biochimie Sanguine

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais liés à la neurologie et à la biochimie sanguine, comme "leptine", "ghréline", "synapse", etc. qui vous aideront à réussir vos ACT.

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ACT Vocabulary for Science

the process by which new neurons are generated in the brain, occurring primarily during prenatal development but also continuing into adulthood in certain brain regions

neurogenèse, génération de neurones

neurogenèse, génération de neurones

Ex: Neurogenesis in the olfactory system allows for the continuous replenishment of neurons involved in smell perception.La **neurogenèse** dans le système olfactif permet le renouvellement continu des neurones impliqués dans la perception des odeurs.

a neurological phenomenon where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

synesthésie, synesthésie

synesthésie, synesthésie

Ex: Synesthesia can manifest in various forms, such as associating numbers with specific colors.La **synesthésie** peut se manifester sous diverses formes, comme associer des nombres à des couleurs spécifiques.

a physical perception caused by an outside stimulus or something being in touch with the body

sensation

sensation

Ex: The sensation of the soft sand beneath her feet was relaxing .La **sensation** du sable doux sous ses pieds était relaxante.
neuron
[nom]

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

neurone

neurone

Ex: Learning and memory depend on the ability of neurons to form new connections .L'apprentissage et la mémoire dépendent de la capacité des **neurones** à former de nouvelles connexions.

the tissue in the central nervous system composed of myelinated nerve fibers

substance blanche, matière blanche

substance blanche, matière blanche

the outer layer of neural tissue in the parietal lobe involved in sensory processing and spatial awareness

cortex pariétal, écorce pariétale

cortex pariétal, écorce pariétale

the temporary storage of information that is currently being used or actively processed by the brain, typically for a few seconds to a few minutes

mémoire à court terme, mémoire immédiate

mémoire à court terme, mémoire immédiate

Ex: Short-term memory is essential for completing tasks that require immediate recall of instructions or details .La **mémoire à court terme** est essentielle pour accomplir des tâches qui nécessitent un rappel immédiat des instructions ou des détails.

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

neurotransmetteur

neurotransmetteur

Ex: Neurotransmitters transmit signals from one neuron to another across synapses .Les **neurotransmetteurs** transmettent des signaux d'un neurone à un autre à travers les synapses.

a curved structure in the brain responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigationa curved structure in the brain responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigation

hippocampe, formation hippocampique

hippocampe, formation hippocampique

a scientist who studies the structure, function, and disorders of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord

neuroscientifique, spécialiste en neurosciences

neuroscientifique, spécialiste en neurosciences

Ex: Many neuroscientists collaborate across disciplines to unravel the complexities of brain development .De nombreux **neuroscientifiques** collaborent à travers les disciplines pour démêler les complexités du développement du cerveau.
synapse
[nom]

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

synapse, jonction synaptique

synapse, jonction synaptique

Ex: Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a phenomenon occurring at synapses, associated with the strengthening of synaptic connections and learning and memory.La potentialisation à long terme (LTP) est un phénomène se produisant au niveau des **synapses**, associé au renforcement des connexions synaptiques et à l'apprentissage et à la mémoire.

a comprehensive map or diagram that depicts the complete set of neural connections within a nervous system

connectome, carte des connexions neuronales

connectome, carte des connexions neuronales

parasympathetic
[Adjectif]

relating to the part of the nervous system that promotes relaxation and digestion in the body

parasympathique

parasympathique

Ex: Certain meditation techniques can enhance parasympathetic function , reducing stress levels .Certaines techniques de méditation peuvent améliorer la fonction **parasympathique**, réduisant ainsi les niveaux de stress.

a mental condition that is not caused by organic disease in which one is constantly anxious, worried, and stressed

névrose

névrose

Ex: Symptoms of neurosis can include persistent feelings of sadness , irritability , and fear , often without a clear or rational cause .Les symptômes de la **névrose** peuvent inclure des sentiments persistants de tristesse, d'irritabilité et de peur, souvent sans cause claire ou rationnelle.
autonomic
[Adjectif]

relating to bodily functions that occur automatically, without conscious effort or control

autonome, végétatif

autonome, végétatif

Ex: The fight-or-flight response is an example of an autonomic reaction to perceived threat .La réponse de combat ou de fuite est un exemple de réaction **autonome** à une menace perçue.

the branch of medicine and physiology dealing with the endocrine system that controls the hormones in one's body

endocrinologie

endocrinologie

Ex: A career in endocrinology requires a deep understanding of the endocrine system , including glands like the pituitary , thyroid , and pancreas .Une carrière en **endocrinologie** nécessite une compréhension approfondie du système endocrinien, y compris des glandes comme l'hypophyse, la thyroïde et le pancréas.

a hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and promotes restful sleep

mélatonine, hormone du sommeil

mélatonine, hormone du sommeil

ghrelin
[nom]

a hormone produced mainly by the stomach that stimulates appetite and regulates hunger

ghréline, hormone de la faim

ghréline, hormone de la faim

Ex: Ghrelin levels decrease after eating, contributing to the feeling of satiety and reduced hunger.Les niveaux de **ghréline** diminuent après avoir mangé, contribuant à la sensation de satiété et à la réduction de la faim.
leptin
[nom]

a hormone produced primarily by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger and promoting feelings of fullness

leptine, hormone de la satiété

leptine, hormone de la satiété

a hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation

œstrogène

œstrogène

a neurotransmitter primarily found in the brain and gastrointestinal tract that plays a key role in mood regulation, appetite, sleep, and various physiological functions

sérotonine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

sérotonine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

Ex: Serotonin imbalance can contribute to mood disorders such as depression or anxiety .Un déséquilibre de la **sérotonine** peut contribuer à des troubles de l'humeur tels que la dépression ou l'anxiété.

a hormone and neurotransmitter that regulates the body's stress response

noradrénaline, norépinéphrine

noradrénaline, norépinéphrine

a compound released by cells in response to injury, allergy, or immune reactions, causing inflammation, itching, and other allergy symptoms

histamine

histamine

Ex: Allergies trigger the release of histamine, causing symptoms like sneezing and watery eyes .Les allergies déclenchent la libération d'**histamine**, provoquant des symptômes tels que des éternuements et des yeux larmoyants.

a biochemical assembly that transports fats in the bloodstream, composed of proteins and lipids

lipoprotéine, protéine lipidique

lipoprotéine, protéine lipidique

Ex: Research shows that diet and lifestyle changes can affect lipoprotein levels and overall heart health.La recherche montre que les changements de régime alimentaire et de mode de vie peuvent affecter les niveaux de **lipoprotéine** et la santé cardiaque globale.

a biological indicator found in blood that can be measured and evaluated to indicate a particular physiological or pathological condition, or the response to treatment

biomarqueur, marqueur biologique

biomarqueur, marqueur biologique

any organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins

acide aminé

acide aminé

a medical condition characterized by an excess of acid in the blood and body tissues, resulting in a lower pH than normal

acidose, acidémie

acidose, acidémie

Ex: Treatment for acidosis focuses on correcting the underlying cause and restoring acid-base balance in the body .Le traitement de l'**acidose** vise à corriger la cause sous-jacente et à rétablir l'équilibre acido-basique dans le corps.

a medical condition characterized by an excess of base or alkali in the blood and body tissues, resulting in a higher pH than normal

alcalose, alcalémie

alcalose, alcalémie

Ex: Treatment for alkalosis focuses on addressing the underlying cause and restoring acid-base balance in the body .Le traitement de l'**alcalose** se concentre sur la résolution de la cause sous-jacente et le rétablissement de l'équilibre acido-basique dans le corps.
inhibitory
[Adjectif]

having the ability to restrain, limit, or suppress activity or function

inhibiteur, freinateur

inhibiteur, freinateur

Ex: The brain 's inhibitory processes prevent sensory overload by filtering out unnecessary information .Les processus **inhibiteurs** du cerveau empêchent la surcharge sensorielle en filtrant les informations inutiles.

a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells

hémoglobine, globine

hémoglobine, globine

Ex: Anemia results from insufficient hemoglobin.

a small protein that regulates immune responses and cell communication in the human body

cytokine, protéine de signalisation cellulaire

cytokine, protéine de signalisation cellulaire

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