LoginThat-clauses
In this lesson we learn about that-clauses, which are essential groups of words introduced by "that" and contain a subject and a verb, used to add information to a sentence. Clear explanations and practice exercises to help you learn.
What Are That-clauses?
In English, there are two types of clauses that are introduced with "that." One type is a noun clause. The other type is a restrictive relative clause, which is an adjectival clause that modifies a noun, rather than a nominal clause. In this lesson, we will focus on the first type.
That-clauses: Structure
That-clauses are introduced by 'that' and followed by the subject and the verb. They are finite sentences, which means they show tense. For example:
I told him that you were shocked.
That-clauses: Functions
As already mentioned, that-clauses act as a noun; therefore, they can be:
That-clause as a 'Direct Object'
A "that-clause" can function as a direct object in a sentence. Many types of verbs in English need a that-clause as their direct objects. There are three categories of verbs that can be followed by a that-clause:
Reporting verbs: say, tell, report, explain, mention, inform, claim, reply, suggest, admit, repeat, argue, state, confirm, remark, and comment
Cognition verbs: think, believe, know, understand, realize, remember, expect, guess, hope, doubt, pretend, forget, complain, and decide
Perception verbs: hear, see, observe, notice, recognize, feel and perceive
That-clauses can function as a direct object in two contexts:
Direct object with mono-transitive verbs: A mono-transitive verb takes a single direct object. For example:
She believes (that) you are honest.
As you can see, the 'that-clause' (that you are honest) serves as the direct object of the verb "believe", which is a mono-transitive verb.
We agreed (that) the wedding would be held in September.
As you can see, the 'that-clause' serves as the direct object of the mono-transitive verb "agree".
Direct object with ditransitive verbs: a ditransitive verb takes both a direct object and an indirect object. Take a look at these examples:
You promised me (that) you'd always be there for me.
Here, this verb is followed by an indirect object (me) plus a that-clause acting as the direct object.
She reminded her daughter (that) they still had several people to see. (Not 'She reminded that they had...')
Tip!
Some reporting verbs can take a prepositional phrase as their indirect object and a that-clause as their direct object. Take a look at some examples:
Thank you for explaining to me (that) I needed to apologize to my brother.
He mentioned to John (that) he was having problems.
Omission of 'That'
You can omit 'that' from that-clauses which serve as a direct object without causing any ambiguity, especially in informal speech and writing. However, when used as the object of verbs like 'reply' and 'shout', 'that' cannot be removed. For example:
She replied that she couldn't make it to the meeting. (NOT "she replied she couldn't...")
He shouted that he had won the game. (NOT "he shouted he had won the game.")
That-clause as a 'Complement'
A "that-clause" can function as a complement in a sentence when it provides additional information about the subject or the adjective and helps complete the meaning of the sentence. These are the three primary roles for "that-clauses" when used as complements:
Subject complement: That-clauses can be used as subject complements (also called predicate nominatives or predicate nouns). We cannot omit 'that' in this usage. Examples of that-clauses as subject complements include the following:
The fact is that divorce rate was twice as high as in the 1950s.
The problem is that no one knows who killed the victim.
Adjective complement: A 'that-clause' can also function as an adjective complement when it provides additional information about the adjective. In this case, you can omit 'that' without causing ambiguity or loss of clarity. For example:
I am happy (that) you are successful.
I was angry (that) you left.
Noun complement: That-clauses can serve as complements to nouns, typically appearing immediately after the noun they complement. You will frequently encounter them following reporting nouns such as 'fact,' 'comment,' 'remark,' 'statement,' 'claim,' 'argument,' 'response,' and more. For example:
Her comment that the presentation was impressive caught my attention.
His remark that the weather was perfect lifted everyone's spirits.
Warning
We cannot use that-clauses directly after prepositions. If we have to put a that-clause after a preposition, we use the expression 'the fact' before 'that'. For example:
I'm not interested in the fact that you want a new car.
I am sure of the fact that this plan of yours won't work.
That-clause as a 'Subject'
Using that-clauses as subjects is somewhat uncommon in English because English speakers tend to place the verb early in the sentence, and long subjects like that-clauses are usually placed at the end or replaced with the dummy pronoun "it". For example:
That you still live with your parents is perhaps not surprising.
Or we can say:
It is perhaps not surprising that you still live with your parents.
In this case, we cannot omit 'that', because 'that' marks the clause as subordinate and prevents the listener from interpreting it as the main clause.
That he's only 17 was shocking to me. (Not 'that he's only 17 was shocking to me.')
Verbs Allowing That-clause as Subjects
Verbs that allow a that-clause as subjects include:
Descriptive verbs: be + expressive adjectives, such as, clear, alarming, disgusting, etc.
Expressive Verbs: amaze, amuse, anger, disgust, disturb, etc.
Take a look at some examples:
That Tolkien was a literary genius is clear to us.
That he got away with it disgusts me.
That-Clause Agreement
A singular that-clause needs a singular verb. Two (or more) that-clauses coordinated by 'and' need plural verbs.
That we are losing social values is/was my concern.
That we are losing social values and that young people need to appreciate values are/were my concerns.
Quiz:
Which of the following sentences correctly uses a "that-clause" as a subject complement?
She explained that the task was easy.
The fact is that climate change is a serious issue.
I know that you are excited.
He said that he would join us later.
Sort the words to make a sentence.
Match the sentence with the correct function of the that-clause.
Fill the blanks based on information from the lesson. (There are two extra options.)
We cannot place a that-clause immediately after a(n)
.
A that-clause can act as a(n)
, but in this position it is often replaced with a dummy pronoun.
In informal speech or writing, we can omit the word "that" when using a that-clause as a(n)
.
When two that-clauses are connected with "and," the verb must be
.
A that-clause functions as a
when it provides more information about a noun or adjective.
Which of the following is true about that-clauses?
That-clauses can never function as a subject in a sentence.
That-clauses cannot be used as direct object of ditransitive verbs.
That-clauses can function as complements to nouns and adjectives.
That-clauses cannot be used after reporting verbs like "say" or "tell."
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