LoginErgative Verbs
This lesson delves into the complexities of ergative verbs, exploring their roles in different grammatical structures and contexts. It offers comprehensive explanations, advanced exercises, and a quiz.
What Are Ergative Verbs?
Ergative verbs (also known as labile verbs or ambivalent verbs) are verbs that can be both transitive and intransitive, with the condition that the object of the transitive form must be the same as the subject of the intransitive form.
What Are Ergative Verbs Used for?
In an ergative verb use, the subject of the intransitive verb would be the object of the transitive form of the verb. This means that the intransitive form expresses a passive meaning while the transitive form identifies an active agent causing the object to undergo the action of the verb. This creates the opportunity to form sentences that focus on different elements and aspects of the action. Take a look at these examples:
I rang the bell.
This sentence identifies someone as the does of the action and expresses an active meaning.
The bell rang.
This sentence focuses on the ringing of the bell rather than a person performing the action
I am cooking lasagna.
The lasagna is cooking.
The heat melted the snow.
The snow melted.
Tip!
Remember that the object of a transitive verb, which becomes the subject of an intransitive verb, usually refers to an inanimate object or a thing, not a person.
Common Ergative Verbs
Common ergative verbs in English are:
Verbs of transformation or change | Verbs of cooking | Verbs of transportation | Verbs of movement |
|---|---|---|---|
break | bake | drive | walk |
transform | boil | fly | shake |
burst | cook | reverse | turn |
form | fry | run | move |
heal | sail | sweep | |
melt | |||
tear |
Take a look at some examples:
The pilot flew the plane.
The plane flew in the sky.
We grew some tasty corns.
The corns were growing well.
Warning!
A lot of English verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively, but not all of them are ergative. The condition that the object of the transitive form be the same as the subject of the intransitive form is the distinguishing mark of ergative verbs. In the examples below, "read" is not an ergative verb, since the subject is the same in both sentences and the difference lies in specification of the object in the second sentence. Such verbs are called ambitransitive.
He was reading.
"read" as an intransitive verb
He was reading the newspaper.
"read" as a transitive verb. You can't say "The newspaper is reading." because "read" is not an ergative verb.
Ergative Verbs Vs. Passive Voice
While the intransitive form of ergative verbs and passive sentences both allow the object of a transitive verb to become the subject, they have fundamental differences.
The passive requires a grammatical change (auxiliary + past participle) and the agent can be added at the end of the sentence, while the intransitive ergative does not allow identification of the agent and keeps the same verb form. Compare the examples:
The window was broken (by the storm).
The window broke.
(No agent implied, no auxiliary verb.)
Review
Ergative verbs can be both transitive and intransitive verbs. The object of the transitive form is the same as the subject of the intransitive form. Common ergative verbs in English are:
break
bake
fly
move
sail
Quiz:
Which of the following sentences demonstrates the use of an ergative verb in its intransitive form?
The heat melted the snow.
The storm broke the window.
I baked a cake.
The bell rang loudly.
Select all ergative verbs from the list. (Select five.)
run
transform
burst
cook
drive
cut
sail
sing
eat
walk
Choose whether the verb in each sentence is ergative, ambitransitive, or passive.
She is reading a novel. | |
He boiled the water. | |
The soup cooked. | |
The vase was shattered. | |
She was singing. |
What distinguishes ergative intransitive from passive voice?
Ergative uses past participle; passive keeps the base verb.
Ergative requires an agent; passive does not.
Ergative does not allow specification of agent; passive allows it as optional.
The two are the same just with different focus.
Choose True or False for each statement.
Ergative verbs can only be used intransitively. | |
Intransitive ergative verbs are only used with animate subjects, such as people. | |
"Read" is an ergative verb because it can be used both transitively and intransitively. | |
Ergative verbs are always used with a change in verb form when switching from transitive to intransitive. |
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