Językoznawstwo - Phonology

the final part of a syllable, occurring after the nucleus

koda

the central and typically sonorous part of a syllable, usually occupied by a vowel or a vowel-like sound

jądro, nucleus

the initial sound or sounds of a syllable that come before the vowel, forming the beginning part of a syllable and can consist of one or more consonant sounds

początek, rozpoczęcie

a sequence of two or more consonant sounds that occur together without an intervening vowel in a syllable

grupa spółgłoskowa, klaster spółgłoskowy

a pair of words in a language that differ in meaning by only one phoneme, demonstrating that the phoneme contrast is significant for distinguishing words

minimalna para, minimalna para słów

a systematic pattern or process in a language that governs the way phonemes or sounds interact with each other, influencing their pronunciation or distribution within words and sentences

reguła fonologiczna, prawo fonologiczne

a phonological process where a sound becomes more similar to a neighboring sound in terms of one or more of its phonetic features

asimilacja

the phonological process of omitting or deleting a sound or sounds in connected speech, typically in order to facilitate smoother and faster pronunciation

elizja, opuszczenie

a phonological process in which two similar or adjacent sounds in a word become less similar or distinct from each other

dysymilacja

a phonological process in which a sound or phoneme is inserted into a word, typically to break up a consonant cluster or improve phonotactic constraints

epenteza, dodawanie dźwięku

a phonological process in which a sound or phoneme is removed or omitted from a word

usunięcie, pominięcie

a characteristic or property of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds in a particular language

cecha wyróżniająca, właściwość odróżniająca

the way speech sounds are connected and organized, including pauses, sound blending, and overall rhythm, influencing word boundaries and speech interpretation

połączenie, łączenie mowy

a phonological process in which sounds or syllables in a word are rearranged or switched positions, resulting in a change in the order of phonemes or syllables within the word

metateza

the phonological process in which phonemic distinctions between sounds are lost or neutralized in specific phonetic contexts, resulting in a single phonetic realization

neutralizacja, neutralność fonologiczna

the relative loudness, prominence, or audibility of speech sounds, often associated with their acoustic properties and the degree of constriction in the vocal tract during their production

sonorność, nadajność

a type of language where the syllables are organized in a way that the stressed syllables occur at relatively regular intervals, resulting in a rhythmic pattern of speech

język akcentowany, język o akcentowanym czasie

a type of language where each syllable is given roughly equal time and stress, resulting in a more evenly paced and rhythmic pattern of speech

język czasowy przez sylaby, język o rytmie sylab

a phonological process where a consonant becomes weaker or less prominent in terms of articulation, often resulting in its softening, reduction, or loss of certain features

lenicja, osłabienie

a phonological phenomenon in Japanese where the initial consonant of the second element in a compound word undergoes voicing or consonant softening

rendaku, dźwięcznienie

the phonological process in which the pronunciation of sounds changes when they occur in specific phonetic contexts or in continuous speech

sandhi, łączenie fonetyczne

a phonological process where a consonant undergoes systematic changes in its articulation or voicing depending on its position within a word or in certain morphological contexts

gradacja spółgłoskowa, zmiana spółgłoskowa

a phonological process in which vowels within a word or across adjacent words become more similar or assimilate to each other in terms of certain phonetic features

harmonia samogłoskowa, harmonia głoskowa

the phonological phenomenon where the tone of a word or syllable changes based on its position or interaction with neighboring tones, typically occurring in tonal languages

tonalny sandhi, zmiana tonu

a language in which variations in pitch or tone can distinguish different words or convey different meanings

język tonalny, język z tonami

the overlapping and blending of language elements, such as sounds or grammatical structures, within speech or writing

imbrikacja, nakładanie

(phonetics) the omission or loss of one or more sounds from the pronunciation of a word

synkopa

a pair of characters used to represent a single sound, such as "sh" or "th", in phonetics or linguistics

digraf

the process of producing a sound with nasal resonance, where air flows through the nasal cavity while a sound is being articulated

nazalizacja, rezonans nosowy

the process of adding sounds, typically vowels or consonants, into a word or morpheme that are not present in its underlying or base form

wstawienie, dodanie

a phonological process in which a sound or phoneme is added at the beginning of a word, typically to facilitate pronunciation or conform to phonotactic constraints

proteza, proteza fonologiczna

a phonological process in which voiced consonants at the end of a word are pronounced as voiceless

devoicing terminalny, devoicing końcowy

a phonological phenomenon where a vowel in a word changes systematically to indicate grammatical or derivational distinctions, often resulting in different word forms or meanings

ablaut

a phonological process in which a sound is modified or assimilated to match a neighboring sound that comes after it

asimilacja regresywna

a phonological process in which a repeated or similar sequence of sounds within a word or phrase is simplified or deleted, resulting in the loss of one of the similar elements

haplologia

a phonological process in which a voiceless consonant between two vowels becomes voiced, typically due to the influence of the surrounding vowel sounds

interwokalna dźwięczność, interwokalne ubezwłasnowolnienie

the process in which a vowel in an unstressed position or in a particular phonological context becomes centralized or weakened, resulting in a reduced vowel quality

redukcja samogłoskowa, osłabienie samogłoskow

a phonological process in which a sound, typically a consonant, becomes palatal or acquires palatal characteristics under the influence of a neighboring palatal sound or due to the position within a particular linguistic environment

palatalizacja, palatalność

a phonological process in Sanskrit and other Indo-Aryan languages where a vowel lengthens or becomes long as a result of specific phonetic and phonological conditions, often related to the presence of certain consonants or morphological factors

vrddhi, wydłużenie samogłoski

the linguistic phenomenon where two or more adjacent words merge together, typically resulting in the contraction or fusion of sounds or syllables

krasis, fuzja językowa

a phonological phenomenon where a consonant sound is not pronounced in a particular position within a word or a specific language context, often resulting in a phonetic gap or absence of sound

zero spółgłoska, brak spółgłoski

any of the variant forms of a morpheme, which are phonetically or phonologically conditioned

alomorf

the phenomenon where certain sounds or phonetic patterns are associated with specific meanings or qualities, often independent of linguistic convention or arbitrary assignment

symbolizm dźwięku, dźwiękowy symbolizm

a unit of phonological timing that determines the length or duration of a syllable or a vowel sound

mora

a silent or phonetically empty form of a morpheme that represents its absence in certain linguistic environments

alomorf zerowy, pusty alomorf

a phonological process in which one or more consonants in a consonant cluster are omitted or simplified in pronunciation

redukcja klastru, uproszczenie klastra

a phonological process or phenomenon where a non-"r" sound is changed or replaced by an "r" sound, commonly observed in language evolution or dialectal variations

rhotacystyka, rhotacystyka (proces fonologiczny)

a word or phrase or sentence that is read the same backward as forward

palindrom

a word that mimics the sound it represents

onomatopeja

a recurring sound pattern or sequence of phonemes that is associated with a particular meaning or connotation in language

fonestem