Vocabulário para IELTS Academic (Pontuação 8-9) - Biology
Aqui, você aprenderá algumas palavras em inglês relacionadas à Biologia que são necessárias para o exame acadêmico do IELTS.
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a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA
ribossomo
a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
Aparelho de Golgi, Complexo de Golgi
a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances
lisossomo, vesícula enzimática
an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production
mitocôndria, organelo produtor de energia
a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information
cromossomo, elemento cromossômico
a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis
cloroplasto, organelo fotossintético
the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures
citoplasma, substância citoplasmática
a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus
citoplasto, célula sem núcleo
a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement
citoesqueleto, esqueleto celular
a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotídeo
the complete set of genetic material of any living thing
genoma
a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein
polipeptídeo, cadeia polipeptídica
a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function
organelo, organela
a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
vacúolo, vesícula
a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle
centríolo, par de centríolos
a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development
telômero, extremidade do cromossomo
a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin
histona, proteína histona
the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment
fenótipo, características observáveis
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes
homeostase, equilíbrio interno
the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein
tradução, tradução genética
the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule
transcrição, a transcrição
the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division
replicação
an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent
heterozigoto, indivíduo heterozigoto
an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents
homozigoto, indivíduo homozigoto
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process
códon, sequência de códons
a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both
simbiose, associação simbiótica
a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape
ameba, amebas
the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection
o capsídeo, o invólucro proteico
a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
clorofila, pigmento verde
a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms
eucarioto, organismo eucariótico
an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception
feto, embrião
a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote
óvulo, ovo
an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides
pepsina, enzima digestiva de proteínas
a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
adenosina trifosfato, trifosfato de adenosina
a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea
procarionte, organismo procarionte
