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Słownictwo do IELTS Academic (Wynik 8-9) - Biology
Tutaj nauczysz się niektórych angielskich słów związanych z biologią, które są niezbędne do akademickiego egzaminu IELTS.
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a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA
rybosom
a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
Aparat Golgiego, Kompleks Golgiego
a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances
lizosom, pęcherzyk wypełniony enzymami
an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production
mitochondrium, organellum produkujące energię
a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information
chromosom, element chromosomowy
a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis
chloroplast, organellum fotosyntetyczne
the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures
cytoplazma, substancja cytoplazmatyczna
a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus
cytoplast, komórka bez jądra
a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement
cytoszkielet, szkielet komórkowy
a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nukleotyd
the complete set of genetic material of any living thing
genom
a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein
polipeptyd, łańcuch polipeptydowy
a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function
organellum, organella
a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
wakuola, pęcherzyk
a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle
centriola, para centrioli
a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development
telomer, końcówka chromosomu
a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin
histon, białko histonowe
the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment
fenotyp, obserwowalne cechy
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes
homeostaza, równowaga wewnętrzna
the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein
translacja, translacja genetyczna
the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule
transkrypcja, proces transkrypcji
the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division
replikacja
an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent
heterozygota, osobnik heterozygotyczny
an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents
homozygota, organizm homozygotyczny
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process
kodon, sekwencja kodonów
a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both
symbioza, związek symbiotyczny
a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape
ameba, ameby
the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection
kapsyd, płaszcz białkowy
a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
chlorofil, zielony barwnik
a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms
eukariont, organizm eukariotyczny
an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception
płód, zarodek
a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote
komórka jajowa, jajo
an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides
pepsyna, enzym trawiący białka
a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
adenozynotrifosforan, trifosforan adenozyny
a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea
prokariot, organizm prokariotyczny
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