Akademicki IELTS (zakres 8 i wyższy) - Biology

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

rybosom

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

aparat Golgiego

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

lizosom

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitochondrium

a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information

chromosom

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

chloroplast

the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures

cytoplazma

a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus

cytoplast

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

cytoszkielet

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nukleotyd

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

genom

a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein

polipeptyd

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

organella

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

wakuola

a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle

centriola

a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development

telomer

a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin

histon

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

fenotyp

the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

homeostaza

the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein

tłumaczenie

the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

transkrypcja

the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division

replikacja

an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent

heterozygota

an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents

homozygota

a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process

kodon

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

symbioza

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

ameba

the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection

kapsyd

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

chlorofil

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

eukariont

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

płód

a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote

komórka jajowa

an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides

pepsyna

a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

adenozynotrójfosforan

a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea

prokariot