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Từ vựng cho IELTS Academic (Điểm 8-9) - Biology
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Đố vui
a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA
ribosome, ribozom
a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
thiết bị Golgi, cơ quan Golgi
a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances
lysosome, tiểu thể phân giải
an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production
ti thể, mitochondria
a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis
lục lạp, diệp lạp
the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures
tế bào chất, chất tế bào
a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus
tế bào không nhân, chất tế bào không có nhân
a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement
skeleton tế bào, cấu trúc tế bào
a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotide, nuclêôtit
a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein
polypeptide, đại phân peptide
a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function
bào quan, horganell
a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
vakuole, tế bào chứa
a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle
trung thể, cặp trung thể
a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development
telomere, đầu mút nhiễm sắc thể
a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin
histone, protein histone
the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment
phê năng, biểu hiện sinh học
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes
điều kiện cân bằng, sự cân bằng nội môi
the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein
dịch mã, quá trình dịch
the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule
sự phiên mã, quá trình phiên mã
the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division
sự sao chép DNA, quá trình sao chép di truyền
an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent
dị hợp tử, cá thể dị hợp
an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents
homozygote, hợp tử đồng tính
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process
mã di truyền, codon
a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both
sự cộng sinh, đối sinh
a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape
amip, a-mi-eba
the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection
vỏ protein, màng bọc virus
a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
diệp lục, diệp sắc tố
a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms
sinh vật nhân chuẩn, eukaryote
an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception
thai nhi, phôi thai
a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote
trứng, noãn
an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides
pepsin, men pepsin
a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
adenosine triphosphate, ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea
vi khuẩn, sinh vật đơn bào
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