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Vocabular pentru IELTS Academic (Scor 8-9) - Biology
Aici, vei învăța câteva cuvinte în engleză legate de Biologie care sunt necesare pentru examenul academic IELTS.
Revizuire
Fișe de studiu
Ortografie
Chestionar
a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA
ribozom
a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
Aparatul Golgi, Complexul Golgi
a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances
lizozom, veziculă plină cu enzime
an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production
mitocondrie, organelă producătoare de energie
a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information
cromozom, element cromozomial
a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis
cloroplast, organit fotosintetic
the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures
citoplasmă, substanță citoplasmică
a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus
citoplast, celulă fără nucleu
a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement
citoschelet, scheletul celular
a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotidă
the complete set of genetic material of any living thing
genom
a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein
polipeptidă, lanț polipeptidic
a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function
organită, organelă
a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
vacuolă, veziculă
a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle
centriol, pereche de centrioli
a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development
telomer, capătul cromozomului
a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin
histonă, proteină histonă
the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment
fenotip, caracteristici observabile
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes
homeostazie, echilibru intern
the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein
traducere, traducere genetică
the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule
transcriere, procesul de transcriere
the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division
replicare
an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent
heterozigot, individ heterozigot
an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents
homozigot, organism homozigot
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process
codon, secvență de codoni
a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both
simbioză, asociere simbiotică
a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape
amebă, amebe
the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection
capsida, învelișul proteic
a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
clorofilă, pigment verde
a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms
eucariot, organism eucariot
an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception
făt, embrion
a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote
ovul, ou
an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides
pepsină, enzimă digestivă de proteine
a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
adenozin trifosfat, trifosfat de adenozină
a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea
procariot, organism procariot
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