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IELTS Academicの語彙 (スコア8-9) - Biology
ここでは、アカデミックIELTS試験に必要な生物学に関連するいくつかの英語の単語を学びます。
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a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA
リボソーム
a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
ゴルジ装置, ゴルジ複合体
a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances
リソソーム, 酵素で満たされた小胞
an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production
ミトコンドリア, エネルギー産生小器官
a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information
染色体, 染色体要素
a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis
葉緑体, 光合成器官
the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures
細胞質, 細胞質物質
a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus
サイトプラスト, 核を除去された細胞
a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement
細胞骨格, サイトスケルトン
a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
ヌクレオチド
the complete set of genetic material of any living thing
ゲノム
a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein
ポリペプチド, ポリペプチド鎖
a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function
細胞小器官, オルガネラ
a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
液胞, 小胞
a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle
中心体, 中心体の対
a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development
テロメア, 染色体末端
a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin
ヒストン, ヒストンタンパク質
the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment
表現型, 観察可能な特性
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes
ホメオスタシス, 内部平衡
the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein
翻訳, 遺伝子翻訳
the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule
転写, 転写過程
the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division
複製
an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent
ヘテロ接合体, ヘテロ接合体の個体
an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents
ホモ接合体, ホモ接合体の個体
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process
コドン, コドン配列
a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both
共生, 共生関係
a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape
アメーバ, アメーバ
the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection
カプシド, タンパク質の殻
a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
クロロフィル, 緑色色素
a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms
真核生物, 真核生物の生物
an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception
胎児, 胚
a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote
卵子, 卵
an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides
ペプシン, タンパク質分解酵素
a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
アデノシン三リン酸, 三リン酸アデノシン
a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea
原核生物, 原核生物の生物
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