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a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA
核糖体
a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
高尔基体, 高尔基装置
a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances
溶酶体
an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production
线粒体, 线粒体器
a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information
染色体
a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis
叶绿体
the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures
细胞质, 细胞质
a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus
细胞质, 去核细胞
a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement
细胞骨架
a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
核苷酸
a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein
多肽
a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function
细胞器
a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
液泡
a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle
中心粒
a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development
端粒, 重复DNA序列
a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin
组蛋白
the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment
表型
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes
内稳态
the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein
翻译
the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule
转录, 基因转录
the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division
复制, 重复
an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent
杂合体
an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents
纯合子
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process
密码子
a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both
共生, 共生关系
a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape
变形虫
the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection
衣壳
a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
叶绿素
a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms
真核生物
an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception
胎儿, 胚胎
a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote
卵子, 卵细胞
an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides
胃蛋白酶
a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
腺苷三磷酸, ATP
a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea
原核生物
