a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA
核糖体
翻译过程，即mRNA中的遗传指令被转换成蛋白质，发生在核糖体上。
a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
高尔基体, 高尔基复合体
高尔基体参与形成运输细胞内或细胞膜物质的囊泡。
a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances
溶酶体, 充满酶的小囊
在细胞凋亡（程序性细胞死亡）过程中，溶酶体释放有助于分解细胞成分的酶。
an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production
线粒体, 能量生产细胞器
线粒体含有自己的DNA，与核DNA分开，这对它们的功能和复制至关重要。
a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information
染色体, 染色体元素
a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis
叶绿体, 光合细胞器
叶绿体中独特的DNA支持了它们起源于与植物祖先形成互利关系的古代共生细菌的观点。
the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures
细胞质, 细胞质物质
许多负责代谢反应的酶存在于细胞质中。
a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus
胞质体, 无核细胞
在农业研究中，细胞质体操作正被探索作为增强作物对环境压力因素抵抗力的手段。
a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement
细胞骨架, 细胞支架
细胞骨架对于维持细胞极性、确保适当的组织和功能至关重要。
a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
核苷酸
当DNA中的核苷酸序列改变时，可能会发生突变。
the complete set of genetic material of any living thing
基因组
基因组编辑技术的进步，如CRISPR，使科学家能够精确修改生物体的遗传物质，用于研究和治疗目的。
a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein
多肽, 多肽链
胶原蛋白为皮肤和肌腱等组织提供结构支持，是一种纤维状多肽。
a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function
细胞器, 胞器
液泡，储存细胞器，在植物细胞中保存营养物质、废物或色素。
a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
液泡, 小泡
液泡的大小和内容可以动态变化以响应细胞需求和环境条件。
a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle
中心粒, 中心粒对
中心粒结构或功能的异常可能导致细胞分裂和发育问题。
a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development
端粒, 染色体末端
端粒的重复序列，人类中的TTAGGG，防止了在每一轮细胞分裂中丢失必要的遗传信息。
a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin
组蛋白, 组蛋白蛋白质
组蛋白结构的变化可以影响基因组的三维组织。
the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment
表型, 可观察特征
遗传特征，如雀斑或酒窝，有助于个体的表型。
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes
稳态, 内平衡
在压力期间释放肾上腺素等激素是身体在挑战性情况下维持体内平衡反应的一部分。
the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein
翻译, 基因翻译
多种酶和起始因子参与翻译的调控。
the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule
转录, 转录过程
DNA的模板（反义）链在转录过程中作为RNA合成的指导。
the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division
复制
DNA复制过程中的错误通过校对机制纠正以保持遗传保真度。
an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent
杂合子, 杂合体
一个人如果有一个等位基因能够尝出苦味物质，另一个等位基因不能，那么这个人对于味觉感知是杂合子。
an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents
纯合子, 纯合个体
影响身高的基因的纯合子可能有两个高身材的等位基因或两个矮身材的等位基因。
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process
密码子, 密码子序列
UGA、UAA和UAG是终止密码子，标志着蛋白质合成的结束。
a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both
共生, 共生关系
珊瑚礁展示了共生的一个显著例子，珊瑚和藻类生活在一起，珊瑚提供庇护和营养，而藻类通过光合作用提供食物。
a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape
阿米巴, 阿米巴
阿米巴原虫通过在其栖息地消耗细菌和有机物，在营养循环中发挥作用。
the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection
衣壳, 蛋白质外壳
了解病毒衣壳的结构和功能对于开发抗病毒策略和疫苗至关重要。
a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
叶绿素, 绿色色素
藻类和蓝细菌也含有叶绿素，使它们能够进行产氧光合作用。
a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms
真核生物, 真核生物体
海藻以其多样的形态，是海洋生态系统中发现的真核藻类。
an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception
胎儿, 胚胎
进行了基因检测以检查胎儿是否有任何异常。
a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote
卵子, 卵
科学家研究卵子以更好地理解生殖生物学并改善生育治疗。
an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides
胃蛋白酶, 消化蛋白质的酶
胃蛋白酶的过量生产可能导致胃炎和消化性溃疡等疾病。
a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
三磷酸腺苷, 腺苷三磷酸
三磷酸腺苷是一种瞬态分子，在细胞内不断生成和使用。
a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea
原核生物, 原核生物体
许多疾病，如链球菌性喉炎，是由致病性原核生物引起的。
