a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA
核糖体
核糖体通过生产细胞结构和功能所需的各种蛋白质，在细胞活动中发挥基本作用。
a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
高尔基体, 高尔基复合体
高尔基体在将蛋白质分类并引导至其指定的细胞位置中起着至关重要的作用。
a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances
溶酶体, 充满酶的小囊
溶酶体内的消化酶能够分解蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物和核酸。
an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production
线粒体, 能量生产细胞器
线粒体的结构由外膜、内膜、膜间间隙和基质组成。
(genetics) a thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes inside the cell nucleus
染色体
a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis
叶绿体, 光合细胞器
叶绿体具有双膜结构和称为类囊体的内膜系统，光依赖反应在那里发生。
the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures
细胞质, 细胞质物质
它是一种凝胶状物质，容纳各种细胞器，使它们能够在细胞内漂浮。
a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus
胞质体, 无核细胞
随着细胞分裂过程的进行，细胞质在维持细胞完整性方面发挥了关键作用。
a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement
细胞骨架, 细胞支架
中间丝，作为细胞骨架的一部分，为细胞和组织提供机械强度。
a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
核苷酸
DNA和RNA的骨架由核苷酸中的糖和磷酸分子形成。
the complete set of genetic material of any living thing
基因组
对不同生物的基因组进行测序有助于科学家了解它们的进化关系和遗传多样性。
a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein
多肽, 多肽链
血红蛋白，负责血液中的氧气运输，是一种具有四个亚基的多肽。
a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function
细胞器, 胞器
线粒体，能量生产的细胞器，通过细胞呼吸产生ATP。
a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
液泡, 小泡
在植物细胞中，中央液泡储存水分并帮助维持细胞的膨胀压力。
a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle
中心粒, 中心粒对
中心粒通常成对出现，彼此呈直角排列。
a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development
端粒, 染色体末端
端粒长度可能受到多种因素的影响，包括遗传、生活方式和环境因素。
a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin
组蛋白, 组蛋白蛋白质
核小体由组蛋白和DNA组成，是染色质的基本重复单位。
the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment
表型, 可观察特征
品尝某些味道或消化特定食物的能力受表型影响。
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes
稳态, 内平衡
胰岛素和胰高血糖素对血糖水平的调节是代谢稳态的一个关键方面。
the process in which the information encoded in messenger RNA directs the synthesis of a protein
翻译, 蛋白质翻译
the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule
转录, 转录过程
DNA链在转录过程中暂时解开，以暴露编码区。
the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division
复制
酶DNA聚合酶在复制过程中催化互补DNA链的合成。
an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent
杂合子, 杂合体
在豌豆植物中，种子颜色的杂合子可能有一个等位基因是黄色种子，另一个是绿色种子。
an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents
纯合子, 纯合个体
带有两个黄色种子等位基因的豌豆植物是种子颜色基因的纯合子。
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process
密码子, 密码子序列
一些密码子具有双重功能，既作为氨基酸密码子又作为停止信号。
a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both
共生, 共生关系
金合欢树和蚂蚁展示了一种互惠共生的共生关系，树木以花蜜的形式提供庇护和食物，而蚂蚁则保护树木免受食草动物和其他威胁。
a microscopic single-celled organism that changes shape and typically moves and feeds by extending pseudopodia
变形虫, 阿米巴
the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection
衣壳, 蛋白质外壳
衣壳通常由称为衣壳粒的重复蛋白质亚基组成。
a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
叶绿素, 绿色色素
在光合作用中，叶绿素捕捉阳光并将其转化为化学能用于葡萄糖的合成。
a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms
真核生物, 真核生物体
从昆虫到哺乳动物的动物都是真核生物。
an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception
胎儿, 胚胎
在十二周时，可以检测到胎儿的心跳。
a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote
卵子, 卵
受精发生在精子细胞穿透卵子的保护层时。
an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides
胃蛋白酶, 消化蛋白质的酶
胃的酸性环境激活胃蛋白酶原，将其转化为其活性形式，胃蛋白酶。
a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
三磷酸腺苷, 腺苷三磷酸
三磷酸腺苷的水解通过断裂高能磷酸键释放能量。
a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea
原核生物, 原核生物体
古菌，一群生活在极端环境中的微生物，也被归类为原核生物。
