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Bokabularyo para sa IELTS Academic (Score 8-9) - Biyolohiya

Dito, matututunan mo ang ilang mga salitang Ingles na may kaugnayan sa Biology na kinakailangan para sa Academic IELTS exam.

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Vocabulary for Academic IELTS (8)
ribosome
ribosome
[Pangngalan]

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

ribosome

ribosome

Ex: Ribosomes are the cellular factories responsible for building proteins, essential for various biological functions. 

Ang mga ribosome ay ang mga cellular factory na responsable sa pagbuo ng mga protina, mahalaga para sa iba't ibang biological function.

Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
[Pangngalan]

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

Aparatong Golgi, Komplexong Golgi

Aparatong Golgi, Komplexong Golgi

Ex: The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins, ensuring they are properly shaped and functional. 

Ang Golgi apparatus ay nagbabago at nagpa-pack ng mga protina, tinitiyak na ang mga ito ay wastong hugis at gumagana.

lysosome
lysosome
[Pangngalan]

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

lysosome, maliit na sako na puno ng enzyme

lysosome, maliit na sako na puno ng enzyme

Ex: Lysosomes act as the "recycling centers" of cells, breaking down and digesting cellular waste materials. 

Ang mga lysosome ay gumaganap bilang mga «recycling center» ng mga selula, na nagwawasak at nagtutunaw ng mga basurang selular.

mitochondrion
mitochondrion
[Pangngalan]

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitokondriya, organelong mitokondriyal

mitokondriya, organelong mitokondriyal

Ex: The mitochondrion is a membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. 

Ang mitochondrion ay isang membrane-bound na organelle na matatagpuan sa karamihan ng mga eukaryotic cells.

chromosome
chromosome
[Pangngalan]

(genetics) a thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes inside the cell nucleus

Ex: Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each body cell. 
chloroplast
chloroplast
[Pangngalan]

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

kloroplast, organel ng potosintesis

kloroplast, organel ng potosintesis

Ex: Chloroplasts are the green structures in plant cells where photosynthesis, the process of converting light into energy, takes place. 

Ang chloroplasts ay ang mga berdeng istruktura sa mga selula ng halaman kung saan nagaganap ang photosynthesis, ang proseso ng pag-convert ng liwanag sa enerhiya.

cytoplasm
cytoplasm
[Pangngalan]

the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures

sitoplasma, substansyang sitoplasmiko

sitoplasma, substansyang sitoplasmiko

Ex: Cytoplasm fills the interior of a cell, serving as a supportive medium for cellular structures and activities. 

Ang cytoplasm ay pumupuno sa loob ng isang selula, na nagsisilbing suportang daluyan para sa mga istruktura at gawain ng selula.

cytoplast
cytoplast
[Pangngalan]

a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus

cytoplast, selulang walang nucleus

cytoplast, selulang walang nucleus

Ex: The scientist carefully examined the cytoplast under the microscope to analyze its cellular structure. 

Maingat na sinuri ng siyentipiko ang cytoplast sa ilalim ng mikroskopyo upang suriin ang istruktura ng selula nito.

cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton
[Pangngalan]

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

cytoskeleton, balangkas ng selula

cytoskeleton, balangkas ng selula

Ex: The cytoskeleton acts like a cell's internal scaffolding, maintaining its shape and structural integrity. 

Ang cytoskeleton ay kumikilos tulad ng panloob na scaffolding ng isang selula, na nagpapanatili ng hugis at integridad ng istruktura nito.

nucleotide
nucleotide
[Pangngalan]

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nucleotide

nucleotide

Ex: The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines genetic information. 

Ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga nucleotide sa DNA ay nagtatakda ng genetic na impormasyon.

genome
genome
[Pangngalan]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

henoma

henoma

Ex: The human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA, encoding all the information needed for human development and function. 

Ang genome ng tao ay binubuo ng humigit-kumulang 3 bilyong base pairs ng DNA, na nag-e-encode ng lahat ng impormasyong kailangan para sa pag-unlad at paggana ng tao.

polypeptide
polypeptide
[Pangngalan]

a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein

polypeptide, kadena ng polypeptide

polypeptide, kadena ng polypeptide

Ex: Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. 

Ang insulin ay isang polypeptide hormone na nagreregula ng mga antas ng asukal sa dugo.

organelle
organelle
[Pangngalan]

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

organelo, bahagi ng selula

organelo, bahagi ng selula

Ex: The nucleus, an organelle housing genetic material, regulates cell activities. 

Ang nucleus, isang organelle na naglalaman ng genetic material, ay nagreregula ng mga aktibidad ng selula.

vacuole
vacuole
[Pangngalan]

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

bakuola, maliliit na sisidlan

bakuola, maliliit na sisidlan

Ex: Vacuoles in plant cells may contain pigments, giving flowers and fruits their vibrant colors. 

Ang vacuoles sa mga selula ng halaman ay maaaring maglaman ng mga pigment, na nagbibigay sa mga bulaklak at prutas ng kanilang makukulay na kulay.

centriole
centriole
[Pangngalan]

a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle

sentriyol, pares ng sentriyol

sentriyol, pares ng sentriyol

Ex: Centrioles play a crucial role in animal cell division, forming the mitotic spindle. 

Ang centrioles ay may mahalagang papel sa paghahati ng selula ng hayop, na bumubuo sa mitotic spindle.

telomere
telomere
[Pangngalan]

a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development

telomere, dulo ng kromosoma

telomere, dulo ng kromosoma

Ex: Think of telomeres as the plastic tips on the ends of a phone charger cable that keep it from wearing out. 

Isipin ang telomere bilang mga plastic tip sa dulo ng phone charger cable na pumipigil sa pagkasira nito.

histone
histone
[Pangngalan]

a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin

histone, protinang histone

histone, protinang histone

Ex: Histones act as spools around which DNA winds, forming compact structures called nucleosomes. 

Ang mga histone ay kumikilos bilang mga spool na pinaglalabayan ng DNA, na bumubuo ng mga compact na istruktura na tinatawag na nucleosomes.

phenotype
phenotype
[Pangngalan]

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

phenotype, mga nakikitang katangian

phenotype, mga nakikitang katangian

Ex: Eye color, hair texture, and height are examples of human phenotypes. 

Ang kulay ng mata, texture ng buhok, at taas ay mga halimbawa ng phenotypes ng tao.

homeostasis
homeostasis
[Pangngalan]

the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

homeostasis, panloob na balanse

homeostasis, panloob na balanse

Ex: Sweating to cool down the body temperature is an example of homeostasis in response to external heat. 

Ang pagpapawis para palamigin ang temperatura ng katawan ay isang halimbawa ng homeostasis bilang tugon sa panlabas na init.

translation
translation
[Pangngalan]

the process in which the information encoded in messenger RNA directs the synthesis of a protein

translation,  pagsasalin

translation, pagsasalin

Ex: Translation takes place on ribosomes within the cell. 
transcription
transcription
[Pangngalan]

the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

transkripsyon, ang proseso ng transkripsyon

transkripsyon, ang proseso ng transkripsyon

Ex: Transcription initiates when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the promoter region. 

Ang transcription ay nagsisimula kapag ang RNA polymerase ay nakakabit sa DNA sa promoter region.

replication
replication
[Pangngalan]

the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division

replikasyon

replikasyon

Ex: DNA replication is a fundamental process that occurs before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity. 

Ang pagkopya ng DNA ay isang pangunahing proseso na nangyayari bago ang paghahati ng selula, na tinitiyak ang genetic continuity.

heterozygote
heterozygote
[Pangngalan]

an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent

heterozygote, indibidwal na heterozygote

heterozygote, indibidwal na heterozygote

Ex: An organism with one allele for brown eyes and one for blue eyes is a heterozygote for the eye color gene. 

Ang isang organismo na may isang allele para sa brown na mata at isa para sa asul na mata ay isang heterozygote para sa gene ng kulay ng mata.

homozygote
homozygote
[Pangngalan]

an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents

homosigot, indibidwal na homosigot

homosigot, indibidwal na homosigot

Ex: An organism with two alleles for brown eyes is a homozygote for the eye color gene. 

Ang isang organismo na may dalawang allele para sa brown eyes ay isang homozygote para sa gene ng kulay ng mata.

codon
codon
[Pangngalan]

a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process

codon, pagkakasunod-sunod ng codon

codon, pagkakasunod-sunod ng codon

Ex: AUG is the start codon, initiating the translation process in protein synthesis. 

Ang AUG ang panimulang codon, na nagsisimula ng proseso ng pagsasalin sa protein synthesis.

symbiosis
symbiosis
[Pangngalan]

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

simbiyosis, ugnayang simbiyotiko

simbiyosis, ugnayang simbiyotiko

Ex: The relationship between cleaner fish and larger fish, where the cleaner fish remove parasites, represents a mutualistic symbiosis. 

Ang relasyon sa pagitan ng mga isdang tagalinis at mas malalaking isda, kung saan ang mga isdang tagalinis ay nag-aalis ng mga parasito, ay kumakatawan sa isang mutualistic na symbiosis.

ameba
ameba
[Pangngalan]

a microscopic single-celled organism that changes shape and typically moves and feeds by extending pseudopodia

ameba,  amoeba

ameba, amoeba

Ex: The ameba extended a pseudopod toward the food particle. 
capsid
capsid
[Pangngalan]

the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection

ang capsid, ang protein coat

ang capsid, ang protein coat

Ex: The capsid of a virus provides structural integrity, enclosing and protecting its genetic material. 

Ang capsid ng isang virus ay nagbibigay ng integridad na istruktural, na nakapaloob at pinoprotektahan ang genetic material nito.

chlorophyll
chlorophyll
[Pangngalan]

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

kloropil, berdeng pigmento

kloropil, berdeng pigmento

Ex: Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of plants, reflecting its role in photosynthesis. 

Ang chlorophyll ang responsable sa berdeng kulay ng mga halaman, na sumasalamin sa papel nito sa photosynthesis.

eukaryote
eukaryote
[Pangngalan]

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

eukaryote, organismo na eukaryote

eukaryote, organismo na eukaryote

Ex: Plants, with their roots, stems, and leaves, are examples of eukaryotes. 

Ang mga halaman, kasama ang kanilang mga ugat, tangkay, at dahon, ay mga halimbawa ng eukaryotes.

fetus
fetus
[Pangngalan]

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

pangsanggol, embryo

pangsanggol, embryo

Ex: The ultrasound showed that the fetus was developing normally. 

Ipinakita ng ultrasound na ang fetus ay normal na lumalaki.

ovum
ovum
[Pangngalan]

a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote

obul, itlog

obul, itlog

Ex: Human females typically release one ovum during each menstrual cycle. 

Ang mga babaeng tao ay karaniwang naglalabas ng isang itlog sa bawat siklo ng regla.

pepsin
pepsin
[Pangngalan]

an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides

pepsin, enzyme na tumutulong sa pagtunaw ng protina

pepsin, enzyme na tumutulong sa pagtunaw ng protina

Ex: Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps break down proteins into smaller peptides. 

Ang pepsin ay isang enzyme na ginawa sa tiyan na tumutulong sa pagbagsak ng mga protina sa mas maliliit na peptides.

adenosine triphosphate

a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

adenosine triphosphate, triphosphate ng adenosine

adenosine triphosphate, triphosphate ng adenosine

Ex: Adenosine triphosphate is often referred to as the "energy currency" of cells due to its role in energy transfer. 

Ang adenosine triphosphate ay madalas na tinutukoy bilang ang "pera ng enerhiya" ng mga selula dahil sa papel nito sa paglipat ng enerhiya.

prokaryote
prokaryote
[Pangngalan]

a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea

prokaryote, organismong prokaryote

prokaryote, organismong prokaryote

Ex: Bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), are common examples of prokaryotes. 

Ang mga bacteria, tulad ng Escherichia coli (E. coli), ay karaniwang mga halimbawa ng prokaryote.

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